Syncope is a temporary loss of consciousness state caused by the transient cerebral insufficiency,often accompanied by decreased muscle tone and failure in maintaining a certain position. Syncope is a common clinical disease of children,the causes of which include nerve-mediated (reflex) syncope,cerebral vascular disease syncope, psychogenic syncope, cardiac syncope, metabolic syncope, unexplained syncope,etc. Nerve-mediated syncope is the most common cause, and vasovagal syncope is the most common type. Al-though the incidence of cardiogenic syncope is low, but its onset is abrupt and dangerous, which should be payed attention.

ObjectiveTo study streptococcus pneumonia capsular polysaccharide antibodies of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) in acute exacerbation and the feasibility of vaccination for patients with COPD.MethodsThe COPD in acute exacerbation without respiratory failure (RF)(COPD without RF group),COPD in acute exacerbation with RF (COPD with RF group),asthma (asthma group),healthy elderly examination(elderly examination group) and healthy youth examination (youth examination group) were selected,and each group had 15 cases.The levels of streptococcus pneumonia capsular polysaccharide antibodies IgG,IgM and IgA were measured in all groups.Results There was no significant difference in IgG among the five groups (P ＞ 0.05 ).The levels of IgM in COPD without RF group and elderly examination group were significantly lower than those in COPD with RF group,asthma group and youth examination group (0.554 ± 0.309 and 0.538 ± 0.327 vs.0.810 ± 0.387,0.887 ± 0.278 and 0.852 ± 0.305,P ＜ 0.05 ).Although the level of IgA in COPD without RF group was significantly lower than that in youth examination group(0.532 ±0.297 vs.0.930 ±0.502,P ＜0.05),there was no significant difference among the five groups.Conclusion Patients with COPD should inoculate pneumococcal vaccination.

With the intense development of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer research in recent years, this approach has been used widely in clinical treatment. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy can increase the chance of operation for patients with local y advanced breast cancer. Moreover, it can improve breast-conserving rate in larger-tumor patients, thereby improving the quality of life of these patients. However, some controversies regarding the use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer patients remain to be resolved. This review focuses on clinical studies and re-recognition of neoadjuvant chemotherapy as a viable treatment for breast cancer.

Gene expression profile technology is characterized by high automation, high accuracy and large information volume, which provides a new way for the development of individualized therapies and novel therapeutic targets. Some researches have identified sets of discriminating genes by using gene expression profile technology that can be used for the predietion of response to radiotherapy in human cancers. Some studies also have confirmed the therapeutic tagerts of radiation sensitizer.

BACKGROUND: As a specially differentiated central nerve, optic nerve is once injured, retinal neurons are hard to restore and regenerate. As a result, visual function is lost permanently. Currently, an effective clinical treatment is not available. Due to the multi-directional differentiated potential of stem cells, their role in optic nerve protection and restoration following injury is becoming a hot research spot.OBJECTIVE: To review the classification and transplantation of stem cells in optic nerve protection study, as well as roles of stem cells transplantation in optic nerve protection and repair following injury.METHODS: The database of ISI Web of Knowledge platform was searched on computer from February 1994 to April 2009, with the key words "stem cells, optic nerve" in English. In the same way, the database of CNKI from February 1994 to April 2009 was also screened, with the key words "stem cells, optic nerve" in Chinese.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 98 literatures related to stem cells in optic nerve protection and restoration after injury are collected, in which 23 papers are Chinese and 75 papers are English. The studies published earlier, repetitively and similarly are removed, and 38 papers which comply with the standards are involved into this review. Stem cells own the potential of self-renew physiologically, as well as potential of repairing the injuries. At present, most of the researches on stem cells in optic nerve protection and restoration after injury are represented in morphosis. How to implant stem cells safely and effectively and how to recover stable visual function still need our efforts. Stem cells derived from skin, peripheral blood, fat and other tissues are convenient to draw materials and are commendable subjects, we should study them deeply to make preferable use.

Objective To study the characteristics of serum lipid metabolism in cadres aged 90 and above.Methods A total of 105 in-patient cadres aged 90 and above were assigned to the longevity group,and another 85 in-patient cadres aged 60 to 80 years were used as controls.Medical history of the participants were retrospectively reviewed,and serum levels of total cholesterol(TC),triglyceride(TG),low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C),high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C),apoB,apoA-I,Lp(a)and body mass index(BMI)were tested.Results Compared with the control group,TC,TG,LDL-C,apoB and non-HDL-C were significantly decreased in the longevity group[3.90 +0.89 vs 4.36 ± 1.06,0.89(0.57)vs 1.16(0.69),2.35 ±0.72 vs 2.70 ±0.88,0.68 ±0.19 vs 0.75 ±0.22,2.69 ±0.79 vs 3.18 ± 1.00,respectively].However,HDL-C/TC and HDL-C/LDL-C were significantly increased in the longevity group [0.32 ±0.084 vs 0.28 ±0.082,0.52(0.22)vs 0.43(0.28),respectively].Lp(a)of the longevity group was higher than that of the control group,although no statistically significant difference was found.BMI of the longevity group was significantly lower than that of the control group.In the longevity group,the percentage of individual who were combined with hypertension,hyperglycemia,hyperlipidemia and overweight/fat was lower (24.8％ vs 43.5％).Conclusions Serum lipid level is relatively lower in cadres aged 90 and above,and those who are combined with hypertension,hyperglycemia,hyperlipidemia and overweight/fat are significantly lower in this populations.

BACKGROUND: Because dopaminergic neurons are particularly sensitive to oxidative stress, microglia is characteristics of being prone to activation, and activated microglia is the main source of oxygen free radical production, so microglia activation is more important in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and illness progress.OBJECTIVE: To summarize the correlation between microglia and Parkinson's disease.METHODS: An online computer-based retrieval was performed by the first author among the Chinese Journal Full-Text Database (CNKI: 2000/2010) and Medline (2000/2010) Database, with key words of Parkinson's disease, microglia in English and Chinese. The correlation between microglia and Parkinson's disease was discussed through two aspects, one is the influence of cell factors and toxic substance produced after microglia activation on Parkinson's disease, the other is the inhibition of microglia and prevention of nerve toxic factors on Parkinson's disease progress.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 112 articles were screened out according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, and 27 of them were involved in the analysis. Results showed that microglia activation will damage dopaminergic neurons, and cause Parkinson's disease. And the occurrence and development of Parkinson's disease may further reduce the neurotransmitter dopamine, continue to damage dopaminergic neurons and release the inflammatory factor, thus promoting microglia activation. Inhibition of microglia activation is likely to stop the progress of Parkinson's disease.

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of gemcitabine in the treatment of elderly patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer.Methods 50 patients in our hospital from January 2014 to September 2015 were selected as the research object, and were randomly divided into the control group and the experimental group, each group of 25 patients each.The patients in the control group were treated with special therapy, and the patients in the experimental group were treated with gemcitabine.The clinical indexes of the experimental group and the control group were compared and analyzed.Results After the treatment, the experimental group of 25 patients, 12 cases of patients with complete remission, 8 cases partial remission, 3 cases were stable, 2 patients progressed, the effective rate was 75%, clinical benefit rate of 92%.In the control group, 4 patients had complete remission, 2 patients had partial remission, 9 patients were stable, 10 patients progressed, the treatment efficiency was 24%, and the clinical benefit rate was 60%.The effective rate and the clinical benefit rate of the experimental group were significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05).1 years later, the survival rate of patients in the experimental group was 22, the survival rate was 88%, and the number of patients in the control group was 14.The survival rate of the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group, with statistical difference (P<0.05).Conclusion Gemcitabine monotherapy in the treatment of elderly patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer can improve the therapeutic effect to a great extent, good safety, low incidence of adverse reactions, high survival rate, with further clinical promotion and application significance.

The operation of the culture and quality education is one of the best effective forms to execute education of various cultures and self-quality to our university students right in the classroom . But in the practical teaching work ,there is a series of questions such as the lower curricular quality , utilitarianism in teaching and studying , loose management and so on .The existing questions are analyzed and the appropriate measures are put forward in this paper.

Objective To explore the correlation of modern medical examination indexes with the traditional Chinese medical syndrome types of reflux esophagitis ( RE) , thus to supply evidence for the standardization of syndrome differentiation. Methods Seventy-six RE patients who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled into the study. And then we investigated the correlation of traditional Chinese medical syndrome types with endoscopicmucosal performance grading, plasma Ghrelin content, esophageal mucosal substance P ( SP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) . Results (1) Syndrome patterns of RE showed certain correlation with the endoscopic mucosal performance (P<0.01) . Endoscopic mucosal performance grade 0-Ⅲ corresponded to the syndromes of gallbladder heat attaching stomach, liver-stomach disharmony/phlegm-qi blocking middle energizer, hepatogastric stagnant heat, middle energizer deficiency with reversed flow of qi, respectively. ( 2) The plasma Ghrelin content of RE patients with syndrome of phlegm-qi blocking middle energizer was lower than that of the patients with other syndrome patterns, and the difference was significant compared with the syndromes of hepatogastric sta gnant heat, liver-stomach disharmony, and gallbladder heat attaching stomach ( P<0.05 or P<0.01) . ( 3 ) The expression level of SP in the esophageal mucosa was the highest in the syndrome of hepatogastric stagnant heat, and was the lowest in the syndrome of phlegm-qi blocking middle energizer; expression level of VIP in the esophageal mucosa was the highest in the syndrome of middle energizer deficiency with reversed flow of qi, and was the lowest in the syndrome of hepatogastric stagnant heat ( P<0.05 or P<0.01) . Conclusion Traditional Chinese medical syndrome types of RE have correlation with endoscopic mucosal performance and immunohistochemical detection results for gastrointestinal hormones, which will be beneficial to the estimation of the development and severity of RE.