Iris neovascularization was produced in rabbits by hypotony following repeated aspiration of the vitreous. The hypotony was produced after 0.3 ml of vitreous fluid was aspirated using a 25-gauge needle through the pars plana of 10 rabbits. For the histochemical study, horseradish peroxidase(HRP) was injected through the ear lobe vein. After fixation of the iris tissue, the tissue was treated with diaminobenzidine and examined with both light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The newly-formed vessel was abundant, particularly on the upper stroma of the iris. The new vessel formation was evident due to the proliferation of endothelial cells, which may have been derived from preexisting iris vessels. The endothelial cells of the newly-formed vessels revealed prominent villous processes into the vascular lumen, formation of the marginal flap, numerous fenestrations in the endothelial junction, and reaction product onto extravascular space by the cytochemical electron microscopy. These results suggest that hypotony in the rabbit produces the disruption of the blood-iris barrier and the balance between angiogenesis-antiangiogenesis modulation.
Animals ; Biological Transport, Active ; Disease Models, Animal ; Horseradish Peroxidase/diagnostic use ; Iris/*blood supply/*ultrastructure ; Iritis/*pathology ; Neovascularization, Pathologic/*pathology ; Rabbits ; Vitreous Body/surgery

BACKGROUND: There have been recent reports that the fat distribution within skeletal muscle and the amount of muscle mass are associated with insulin resistance and the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study evaluated the impacts of visceral fat and thigh muscle from patients with T2DM and healthy subjects on atherosclerosis and insulin resistance. METHODS: Forty-two patients with newly-developed T2DM and 11 healthy subjects were selected for the study. The diabetic patients were subdivided into two groups, those under 40 years of age, as the young T2DM (n=21) group, and 40 years-old or greater, as the old T2DM (n=21) group. CT scans were obtained for all patients at the L4-L5 level and at the mid-portion between the greater trochanter and upper margin patella. The carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) was also measured using high resolution B-mode ultrasonography. RESULTS: The mean visceral fat area (VFA) in the old T2DM group was 169.4+/-13.2cm2, which was significantly greater than that found in the healthy subjects (67.9+/-7.92cm2, P<0.001) and young T2DM group (127.1+/-10.4cm2, P<0.05). The mean visceral fat to normal density muscle area ratio (VMNR) in the old T2DM group was 1.50+/-0.19, which was greater than in the healthy subjects (0.46+/-0.52, P<0.001) and young T2DM group (1.01+/-0.10, P<0.05). The total thigh muscle areas in the young and old T2DM groups were smaller than that in the healthy subjects, but without statistical significance. VMNR showed a positive correlation with the IMT and HOMA-IR. However, the total thigh muscle area was negatively correlated with the IMT. The normal density muscle area also showed significant negative correlations with the IMT and HOMA-IR. In a multiple regression analysis, age and VMNR were the most important independent risk factors of an increased carotid IMT. CONCLUSION: This study showed that the role of thigh muscle, as well as that of visceral fat, played a very important role in the occurrence of atherosclerosis. VMNR was found to be an especially important independent factor for an increased carotid IMT.
Adult ; Atherosclerosis ; Carotid Arteries* ; Carotid Intima-Media Thickness ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Femur ; Humans ; Insulin Resistance* ; Insulin* ; Intra-Abdominal Fat ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Patella ; Risk Factors ; Thigh* ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Ultrasonography

Objective: To understand the situation and genotype distribution of spotted fever group rickettsia (SFGR) in the border area of Tumen River Basin in free ticks in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture (Yanbian Prefecture), Jilin Province. Methods: From April to September, 2017, ticks were collected using flagging method from Hunchun, Tumen, Helong and Longjing cities in the Tumen River basin of Yanbian Prefecture. Outer membrane protein A (ompA) was detected by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), then, the species were identified by gene sequencing and analyzed systematically. The positive rate of pools and MIR(minimum infection rate per 100 ticks,MIR) of SFGR were calculated, and the difference of positive rate of pools among ticks with different characteristics was compared by Chi-square test. Results: A total of 3 079 ticks were collected and divided into 536 pools. The positive rate of pools of SFGR nucleic acid was 39.7% (213 pools). The MIR of SFGR was 6.9%.The positive rate of pools of SFGR in Dermacentor silvarum, Haemaphysalis concinna, Haemaphysalis japonica, Haemaphysalis longicornis and Ixodes persulcatus were 80.4% (41/51), 14.0% (25/179), 20.2% (18/89), 78.9% (101/128) and 25.9% (21/81), and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). There was statistical difference in the positive rate of pools of SFGR in developmental stages of ticks (P<0.001); the positive rate of pools of female adults, male adults, nymph and larvae were 36.4% (95/261), 34.2% (67/196), 56.3% (40/71) and 7/8, and the MIR was 7.9%, 7.7%, 4.9% and 3.5%. The five genotype was detected which was Candidatus Rickettsia longicornii, Rickettsia raoultii, Rickettsia heilongjiangensis, Candidatus Rickettsia tarasevichiae,Rickettsia monacensis and have 98%-100% homology with known gene sequences. Candidatus Rickettsia longicornii, Rickettsia raoultii, Rickettsia heilongjiangensis and Candidatus Rickettsia tarasevichiae showed close evolutionary relationship with known specie (have 98%-100% homology with known gene sequences); Rickettsia monacensis showed Far from evolutionary relationship with known species (have 98% homology with known gene sequences). Conclusion SFGR infection of ticks is common in the border areas of the Tumen River Basin. There was high diversity in SFGR species and tick species in the areas surveyed.