Objective: To establish a separation method for naringin and neohesperidin reference substances from Citrus aurantium. Methods: Naringin and neohesperidin monomers in C. aurantium were isolated and purified by macroporous resin and medium-low- pressure preparative chromatography. Results: The contents of the prepared naringin and neohesperidin reached to 98.76% and 99.50%, respectively. Conclusion: This method is effective for the preparation of naringin and neohesperidin with high purity. It could be used to prepare the reference substances for the qualitative and quantitative analyses of Chinese materia medica.

The molecular electronegativity-distance vector (MEDV) was used to describe the chemical structural characterization of 46 components of essential oils in the flower of Rosa banksiae. Various multiple linear regression (MLR) models were created with variable screening by the stepwise multiple regression technique and statistics. The QSRR models of 10 and 6 variables were built by MLR with the correlation coefficients (R) of molecular modeling being 0.906 and 0.903. Cross-validation of the models, which contain selected vectors were performed by leave-one -out procedure (LOO) and the satisfied results with correlation coefficients (Rcv) of 0.904 and 0.903, respectively. The results showed that the models constructed can provide estimation stability and favorable predictive ability.
Flowers ; chemistry ; Linear Models ; Molecular Structure ; Oils, Volatile ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship ; Regression Analysis ; Rosa ; chemistry

Objective To investigate in vivo pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of Meloxicam Chewable Tablets in healthy Beagle's dogs.Method Twelve healthy adult Beagle's dogs were randomized into two groups.Using the double-preparation,double-cycle,cross-over method and administering orally of testing and reference tablet (2 mg) respectively.The plasma concentration of meloxicam was determinated by RP-HPLC.The 3P97 software was adopted to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters and evaluate the bioequivalence of two preparations.Results The area under the curves (AUC0-96 h) of the testing tablets and innovator tablets were (2.85±0.64) and (2.79±0.48) μg/mL·h.The peak time (Tmax) was (4.33±0.65) and (4.16±0.71) h.The peak concentration (Cmax) was (0.091±0.017) and (0.086±0.021) μg/mL.The half time (t1/2) was (26.08±3.64) and (26.94± 4.21) h.After the double unilateral t test,there was no statistical significance in the difference of lnAUC and lnCmax between the testing tablets and innovator tablets.Conclusion The testing tablets and innovator tablets are bioequivalent.The relative bioavailability of generic tablet is (98.0±9.76)％.

Objective To investigate the initiation pathway of corneal endothelial cell apoptosis induced by high-pression.Methods Primary rabbit corneal endothelial cells were identified by immunohistochemistry and cultured under high pressure 50 mmHg (1 kPa =7.5 mmHg) for 1 h,2 h,24 h,respectively,while cells cultured under the normal pressure 15 mmHg served as the normal pression group.In addition,the first generation of rabbits corneal endothelial ceils with 70％ to 80％ fusion were pretreated with 10-6 mol · L-1 anti-Caspase 8 and anti-Caspase 9 for lh,followed by 50 mmHg pression for the treatment of the cells;while cells cultured with no inhibitor in the same pression served as the control group.Then the expression of P53 and Bcl-2 protein was detected by Western blot,and cytochrome C in rabbit corneal endothelial cells was determined by immunofluorescence staining in all groups.Results The expression levels of P53 in the 50 mmHg group were 0.651 +0.007,0.805 ±0.006 and 0.839 ±0.011 after 1 h,2 h,24 h high-pression respectively,which were significantly higher than those in the normal pressure group (0.033 ± 0.004),and the difference approached statistical significance (all P ＜ 0.01).The expression of P53 protein in corneal endothelial cells gradually increased as time went on,and the difference was statistically significant between each two time-points (all P ＜ 0.01).Moreover,the expression of Bcl-2 in the 50 mmHg pressure group was 0.590 ± 0.009,0.724 ± 0.005 and 0.34 ± 0.016,respectively,which was higher than that in the normal pressure group (0.081 ±0.013),with signifi cant difference (all P ＜ 0.01),and the difference approached statistical significance between each two time points in this group (all P ＜ 0.01).The expression level of P53 in anti-Caspase 9 and anti-Caspase 8 group was 0.535 ± 0.007 and 0.703 ± 0.010,respectively,which was significantly lower than that in the control group (0.727 ± 0.021),and the difference was statistically significant (all P ＜ 0.01).The expression of Bcl2 was 0.312 ± 0.003 and 0.442 ± 0.011,respectively,which were significantly lower than that in the control group (0.501 ± 0.011),with statistical difference (P ＜ 0.01).Finally,the expression of P53 and Bcl-2 in anti-Caspase 9 group was lower than that of anti-Caspase 8 group (P ＜ 0.01),indicating that anti-Caspase 9 had more enhanced inhibitory effect on the apoptosis of corneal endothelial cells than anti-Caspase 8.Conclusion AntiCaspase 9 inhibitor could effectively block the corneal endothelial cell apoptosis induced by high pressure.And the damage from high pressure on corneal endothelial cells mainly triggers the release of cytochrome C from chondriosome to activate the endogenous enzyme linked apoptotic pathway in which Caspase 9 involves.

BACKGROUNDSurgical interventions for moyamoya disease include direct and indirect revascularizations. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery bypass combined with an indirect revascularization procedure, encephalo-duro-myo-synangiosis, in the treatment of moyamoya disease.

METHODSFrom October 2005 to November 2009, we performed this combined revascularization procedure in 111 patients with different types and stages of moyamoya disease. The superficial temporal artery, middle meningeal artery and the deep temporal artery were evaluated for individualized surgical planning in these cases. The integrity of the deep temporal artery and the middle meningeal artery network, and the pre-existing spontaneous anastomoses of the distal branches of the external carotid artery with the cortical arteries were well preserved. The mean follow-up time was 72.5 months, all clinical and radiological data were retrospectively reviewed.

RESULTSA total of 198 stomas were performed in 122 hemispheres, all remaining patent until the last follow-up. The encephalo-duro-myo-synangiosis resulted in extensive anastomoses of the deep temporal artery (100%), the middle meningeal artery (90.9%), and the sphenopalatine artery (39.8%) with the cortical arteries, respectively. The superficial temporal artery, deep temporal artery, and the middle meningeal artery were significantly thickened in 88 patients as determined by digital subtraction angiography at follow-up. The relative cerebral blood flow increased significantly within one week after the operation. At 6 months post the operation, the relative cerebral blood flow was further increased by 15.5% from the gradual formation of anastomoses as a result of indirect revascularization. Transient ischemic attacks were effectively reduced or totally arrested. The neurological deficits significantly improved in 37 patients, with the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores lowered by 2-8. There was no rehemorrhage in hemorrhagic moyamoya disease patients.

CONCLUSIONThis study showed that the superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery bypass combined with encephalo-duro-myo-synangiosis can achieve good therapeutic effect in the treatment of moyamoya disease.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Cerebral Revascularization ; methods ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Middle Cerebral Artery ; pathology ; surgery ; Moyamoya Disease ; pathology ; surgery ; Young Adult

BACKGROUNDEnterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (Cox A16) are major causative agents for hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). Studies indicate that the frequent HFMD outbreaks result in a few hundreds children's death in China in recent years. The vaccine and other research for HFMD need to be developed urgently.

THE AIMS OF OUR STUDY WEREto explore dynamic development of mother-source neutralizing antibodies against EV71 and Cox A16 in infants from Jiangsu Province, China, and to provide the fundamental data for further establishing of corresponding immunization course.

METHODSPeripheral blood samples were collected from 133 of parturient women once immediately before delivery and their infants at two and seven months of age. Method of micro-dose cytopathogenic effect was used to measure neutralizing antibodies against EV71 and Cox A16, respectively.

RESULTSSeropositive rates of anti-EV71 and anti-Cox A16 in prenatal women were 79.7% (106/133) and 92.5% (123/133), respectively; geometric mean titers (GMTs) were 29.0 and 61.9; 75.9% (101/133) prenatal women were both positive in anti-EV71 and anti-Cox A16; seropositive rates of anti-EV71 and anti-Cox A16 were 25.6% (34/133) and 38.3% (51/133) in infants at two months of age; GMTs were 12.3 and 18.0, respectively. GMTs of anti-EV71 were significantly higher for infants at seven months (82.6) compared with that at two months (P < 0.05), showing infants had inapparently infected by EV71 during two to seven months. Although only one offspring (0.75%) at seven months was found having anti-Cox A16 transfered from maternal, this observation suggested no maternal antibody may remain in infants at seven months.

CONCLUSIONSThe prevalence of EV71 and Cox A16 were relatively high in Jiangsu Province. Bivalent vaccine against both EV71 and Cox A16 should be developed, and the ideal time point for prime immunization for infants is around 2-5 months of age.

Antibodies, Neutralizing ; blood ; immunology ; Cells, Cultured ; Enterovirus ; immunology ; Enterovirus A, Human ; immunology ; Female ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease ; immunology ; virology ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn

OBJECTIVETo observe the therapeutic effect and influential factors of strong stimulation of acupoints around eyes by reducing method of twisting the needle for treatment of adolescent myopia, and to compare the different curative effects of both weak and strong stimulus intensities and wearing glasses in daytime.

METHODSAccording to the principle of knowing and permission, the patients were divided into a strong stimulation group (60 cases, 120 eyes), a weak stimulation group (60 cases, 120 eyes) and a wearing glasses group (60 cases, 120 eyes). Both the strong stimulation group and the weak stimulation group were treated by reducing method of twisting the needle, with Cuanzhu (BL 2), Yuyao (EX-HN 4), Sizhukong (TE 23), Sibai (ST 2) and Taiyang (EX-HN 5) selected. Each acupoint was twisted 360 and 90 times per min for the strong stimulation group, and 90 degrees and 60 times per min for the weak stimulation group; the wearing glasses group were not treated with acupuncture, but with wearing glasses in daytime.

RESULTSAfter treatment with the reducing method of twisting the needle, the vision improved (P < 0.01), with more obviously increased in the strong stimulation group than the weak stimulation group (P < 0.01), and there was no significant change of vision in the wearing glasses group. The age and the myopic degree of the patient before treatment were closely related with the change of vision after treatment (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONThe reducing method of twisting the needle has a definite clinical therapeutic effect on adolescent myopia; strong stimulation has a better effect than the weak one; the age and the myopic degree of the patient possibly influence the therapeutic effect.

Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; methods ; Adolescent ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Myopia ; therapy

Objective:To investigate the distribution and antimicrobial resistance profile of clinical bacteria isolated from blood culture in China.Methods:The clinical bacterial strains isolated from blood culture from member hospitals of Blood Bacterial Resistant Investigation Collaborative System (BRICS) were collected during January 2018 to December 2019. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted with agar dilution or broth dilution methods recommended by US Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). WHONET 5.6 was used to analyze data.Results:During the study period, 14 778 bacterial strains were collected from 50 hospitals, of which 4 117 (27.9%) were Gram-positive bacteria and 10 661(72.1%) were Gram-negative bacteria. The top 10 bacterial species were Escherichia coli (37.2%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (17.0%), Staphylococcus aureus (9.7%), coagulase-negative Staphylococci (8.7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.7%), Enterococcus faecium (3.4%), Acinetobacter baumannii(3.4%), Enterobacter cloacae (2.9%), Streptococci(2.8%) and Enterococcus faecalis (2.3%). The the prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were 27.4% (394/1 438) and 70.4% (905/1 285), respectively. No glycopeptide-resistant Staphylococcus was detected. More than 95% of S. aureus were sensitive to amikacin, rifampicin and SMZco. The resistance rate of E. faecium to vancomycin was 0.4% (2/504), and no vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis was detected. The ESBLs-producing rates in no carbapenem-resistance E. coli, carbapenem sensitive K. pneumoniae and Proteus were 50.4% (2 731/5 415), 24.6% (493/2001) and 35.2% (31/88), respectively. The prevalence of carbapenem-resistance in E. coli and K. pneumoniae were 1.5% (85/5 500), 20.6% (518/2 519), respectively. 8.3% (27/325) of carbapenem-resistance K. pneumoniae was resistant to ceftazidime/avibactam combination. The resistance rates of A. baumannii to polymyxin and tigecycline were 2.8% (14/501) and 3.4% (17/501) respectively, and that of P. aeruginosa to carbapenem were 18.9% (103/546). Conclusions:The surveillance results from 2018 to 2019 showed that the main pathogens of bloodstream infection in China were gram-negative bacteria, while E. coli was the most common pathogen, and ESBLs-producing strains were in majority; the MRSA incidence is getting lower in China; carbapenem-resistant E. coli keeps at a low level, while carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae is on the rise obviously.

Objective:To investigate the bacterial composition and antimicrobial resistance profile of clinical isolates from bloodstream infections in China.Methods:The clinical bacterial strains isolated from blood culture were collected during January 2020 to December 2020 in member hospitals of Blood Bacterial Resistant Investigation Collaborative System (BRICS). Antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted by agar dilution or broth dilution methods recommended by Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute(CLSI, USA). WHONET 5.6 was used to analyze data.Results:During the study period, 10 043 bacterial strains were collected from 54 hospitals, of which 2 664 (26.5%) were Gram-positive bacteria and 7 379 (73.5%) were Gram-negative bacteria. The top 10 bacterial species were Escherichia coli (38.6%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (18.4%), Staphylococcus aureus (9.9%), coagulase-negative Staphylococci (7.5%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.9%), Enterococcus faecium (3.3%), Enterobacter cloacae (2.8%), Enterococcus faecalis (2.6%), Acinetobacter baumannii (2.4%) and Klebsiella spp (1.8%). The prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus aureus were 27.6% and 74.4%, respectively. No glycopeptide- and daptomycin-resistant Staphylococci were detected. More than 95% of Staphylococcus aureus were sensitive to rifampicin and SMZco. No vancomycin-resistant Enterococci strains were detected. Extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis were 48.4%, 23.6% and 36.1%, respectively. The prevalence rates of carbapenem-resistance in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were 2.3% and 16.1%, respectively; 9.6% of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains were resistant to ceftazidime/avibactam combination. The prevalence rate of carbapenem-resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii was 60.0%, while polymyxin and tigecycline showed good activity against Acinetobacter baumannii. The prevalence rate of carbapenem-resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 23.2%. Conclusions:The surveillance results in 2020 showed that the main pathogens of bloodstream infection in China were gram-negative bacteria, while Escherichia coli was the most common pathogen, and ESBL-producing strains declined while carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae kept on high level. The proportion and the prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa were on the rise slowly. On the other side, the MRSA incidence got lower in China, while the overall prevalence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci was low.

Objective:To report the results of national surveillance on the distribution and antimicrobial resistance profile of clinical bacterial isolates from bloodstream infections in China in 2021.Methods:The clinical bacterial strains isolated from blood culture from member hospitals of Blood Bacterial Resistant Investigation Collaborative System (BRICS) were collected during January 2021 to December 2021. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted by agar dilution or broth dilution methods recommended by Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). WHONET 5.6 was used to analyze data.Results:During the study period, 11 013 bacterial strains were collected from 51 hospitals, of which 2 782 (25.3%) were Gram-positive bacteria and 8 231 (74.7%) were Gram-negative bacteria. The top 10 bacterial species were Escherichia coli (37.6%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (18.9%), Staphylococcus aureus (9.8%), coagulase-negative Staphylococci (6.3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.6%), Enterococcus faecium (3.6%), Acinetobacter baumannii (2.8%), Enterococcus faecalis (2.7%), Enterobacter cloacae (2.5%) and Klebsiella spp (2.1%). The prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus aureus were 25.3% and 76.8%, respectively. No glycopeptide- and daptomycin-resistant Staphylococci was detected; more than 95.0% of Staphylococcus aureus were sensitive to ceftobiprole. No vancomycin-resistant Enterococci strains were detected. The rates of extended spectrum B-lactamase (ESBL)-producing isolated in Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis were 49.6%, 25.5% and 39.0%, respectively. The prevalence rates of carbapenem-resistance in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were 2.2% and 15.8%, respectively; 7.9% of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae was resistant to ceftazidime/avibactam combination. Ceftobiprole demonstrated excellent activity against non-ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Aztreonam/avibactam was highly active against carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The prevalence rate of carbapenem-resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii was 60.0%, while polymyxin and tigecycline showed good activity against Acinetobacter baumannii (5.5% and 4.5%). The prevalence of carbapenem-resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 18.9%. Conclusions:The BRICS surveillance results in 2021 shows that the main pathogens of blood stream infection in China are gram-negative bacteria, in which Escherichia coli is the most common. The MRSA incidence shows a further decreasing trend in China and the overall prevalence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci is low. The prevalence of Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae is still on a high level, but the trend is downwards.