Objective:To Review the study progresses in triterpenes of poria cocos of effective ingredients its pharmacology and biological activity.Methods:The study progresses were reviewed on the basis of summinmg up and analying the collected articles.Results:Poria cocos has types of triterpenes including more than thirty kinds of the mical components. Different tritepenes showed different effects of anti tumour, anti inflammation and immunity.Conclusion:The resources of Poria cocos are rich in China. It is worthy of exploiting and utilizing Poria cocos in conjunction with the achievement in modern chemistry and pharmacology studies.

[Summary] Traditional anterior thoracotomy surgery for thoracic idiopathic scoliosis has amount of disadvantages such as large trauma,postoperative pain,and pulmonary function decrease.Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS),which is considered as an effective method for the treatment of idiopathic thoracic scoliosis,can avoid those disadvantages as compared with thoracotomy surgery.Common surgical procedures include anterior spinal release with intervertebral fusion and instrumentation through video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (IVATS).This article reviewed the history,indications,contraindications,advantages,disadvantages and outcomes of VATS in the treatment of idiopathic thoracic scoliosis.

Humans ; Ossification of Posterior Longitudinal Ligament ; surgery

Objective To study effects and other related problems of surgery for patients with cervical spine fracture and ankylosing spondylitis.Methods Twelve patients with cervical spine fracture and ankylosing spondylitis were treated with surgery from April 1986 to April 2004.All eases were studied retrospectively.They were followed up for an average of 67.5 months and their complete clinical data were kept.The neurological function was evaluated by ASIA (American Spinal Injury Association) impairment scale,and the image analyzing software (Image-Pro Plus 5.1) was used to measure the angles of superior and inferior vertebral bodies of the fusion segment at flexion and extension positions.The difference between flexion and extension angles,?,served as the parameter of interspinal movement.According to the definition of spinal fusion by FDA (Food and Drug Administration),the?≥4?was considered as nonfusion.Other related problems were discussed by descriptive study.Results The average improvement in the nine patients with neurological injury was 1.3 ASIA grades.The injured segments in 10 cases were treated with fusion,of whom nine were fused by internal fixation.The fusion rate was 100%.Three cases were scheduled to have laminoplasty,but two had to receive laminectomy instead because of intraoperative complete fracture at the hinged side.Ten patients were complicated by insufficient function of major organs preop- eratively,and endotracheal intubation was difficult to perform in eight cases.Postoperative complications occurred in three cases,but fortunately healed completely.There were no deaths or fatal complications.Conclusions The neurological function can be improved by surgery for patients with cervical spine fracture and ankylosing spondylitis. Although the cervical spine is instable for most of the patients,fusion with internal fixation is indicated and can be successful.Those who had preoperative systemic diseases are likely to suffer from postoperative complications.The difficult endotracheal intubation is a common intraoperative problem.

Objective To explore the histopathological features of 850 patients with esophageal malignant tumor in 10 years.Methods From January 2002 to January 2012, 850 patients diagnosed with esophageal malignant tumor were enrolled.Tumor location, general type, pathological type and TNM stage were retrospectively analyzed.All the data were described as case number and percentage.Results Among the 850 cases of esophageal malignant tumor, 33 lesions (3.9％) located in the neck segment of esophagus, 119 lesions (14.0％) located in the upper segment, 44 lesions (5.2 ％) located in the upper-middle segment, 409 lesions (48.1％) located in the middle segment, 123 lesions (14.5 ％) located in the middle-lower segment, 122 lesions (14.4％) located in the lower segment.Among the 724 eases clearly diagnosed as esophageal malignant tumor by general type, the most cases were ulcer type (305 cases, 42.1％), followed by medulla type (260 cases, 35.9％), fungating type (80 cases, 11.0％) and constrictive type (70 cases, 9.7％), and the least cases were intraluminal type (nine cases, 1.2％).Among the 850 cases of esophageal malignant tumor, squamous cell carcinoma (794 cases, 93.4 ％) was the most common cytological type, followed by small cell carcinoma (19 eases, 2.2％), and the least common cytological type was adenocarcinoma (seven cases, 0.8 ％).Among the 724 cases with clear TNM staging, case number of Tis, T1, T2, T3 and T4 stage was eight (1.1％), six (0.8％), 271 (37.4％), 278 (38.4％) and 161 (22.2％), respectively.Among the 122 cases of distal esophageal carcinomas (104 cases with clear TNM staging), most cases were squamous cell carcinoma (112 cases, 91.8 ％), the others cases were adenocarcinoma (three cases, 2.5 ％), small cell carcinoma (three cases, 2.5 ％), basaloid squamous cell, adenosquamous, neuroendocrine carcinomas and carcinosarcoma (one case in each type, 0.8％).Conclusions Esophageal carcinoma was mostly located in the middle segment of in which squamous cell carcinoma was predominant while adenocarcinoma was less common.Esophageal cancer located at lower segment of esophagus is with a wide range of pathological spectrum, squamous cell carcinoma was still dominant, however, esophageal adenocarcinoma is rare.

Objective To explore the relation between clinical-pathological features,Siewert classification and prognosis of esophagogastric junction (EGJ) carcinoma,and to assess the applicability of the new edition of American Joint Committee of Cancer (AJCC) staging guideline on EGJ adenocarcinoma in China.Methods From 2002 to 2012,the clinical data,pathological features,treatment and prognosis of 218 patients with EGJ malignant tumor were retrospectively analyzed.The patients were typed according to Siewert classification criteria and each case was staged according to 7th edition of AJCC TNM staging criteria for esophagus adenocarcinoma and gastric cancer.Kaplan-Meier method and Log-rank test were performed for survival analysis.Results According to the Siewert classification,type Ⅰ was rare (nine cases,4.1％),type Ⅱ was the most common type (150 cases,68.8％) and followed by type Ⅲ (59 cases,27.1％).There was no significant difference in survival curve among the three types (P＞0.05).The survival curve was drawn according to 7th edition of AJCC TNM staging criteria for esophagus adenocarcinoma.In T staging,the prognosis of patients at T4b was better than that of patients at T4a,the prognosis of patients at ⅡB was better than that of patients at ⅡA.The survival curve of patients at Ⅲ C obviously crossed with that of patients at Ⅳ,which was not in conformity with clinical results.The survival curve was drawn according to 7th edition of AJCC staging criteria for gastric cancer.In T staging,the survival curve of patients at Tis was overlapped with that of patients at T1a.The survival rate of patients at ⅡB could not be accurately predicted by the overall staging.In general,the survival of patients with EGJ carcinoma was better predicted according to 7th edition of AJCC staging criteria for gastric cancer than 7th edition for esophagus adenocarcinoma.Conclusions Neither 7th edition of AJCC staging criteria for esophagus adenocarcinoma nor for gastric cancer could accurately predict its prognosis.In our country,EGJ malignant tumor was similar to gastric cancer and had specific clinical-pathological features.It is necessary to research and establish EGJ carcinoma staging criteria instead of applying the current staging criteria for esophagus adenocarcinoma or gastric cancer.

Objective To explore the value of characteristic manifestation of diffusion-weighted images at 3.0T MR system in cer-ebral disease.Methods 120 patients with cerebral disease diagnosed by MR diffusion-weighted images (fat suppression effect,T2 blackout effect,T2 shine-through effect,T2 washout effect)underwent routine MR scan,including echo planar imaging-diffusion weighted imaging (EPI-DWI)and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC)map,whose characteristic manifestations of DWI were retro-spectively analyzed.Results 1 5 cases of lipoma and 8 cases without fat lesions were diagnosed with fat suppression effect.13 cases of acute cerebral hematoma,1 1 cases of hemorrhagic cerebral infarction and 1 6 cases of micro bleeding of missed diagnosis or small cavernous hemangioma were diagnosed with T2 blackout effect.1 5 cases of epidermoid cyst,5 cases of choroid plexus cyst were di-agnosed with T2 shine-through effect.1 5 cases of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome and 22 cases of brain tumor were di-agnosed with T2 washout effect.Conclusion Comprehensive use of the characteristic manifestation of EPI-DWI and ADC map can help the diagnosis of cerebral disease.

Objective To clone amastin coding genes from different strains of Leishmania parasites. Methods Using amastin cDNA sequence as the reference, dbEST data base established by National Center Biotechnology Information (NCBI), USA, was searched by BLAST tool. A 309 bp DNA fragment of Leishmania major was found and used as the probe for the screening of a DNA library. The amastin gene of Leishmania major Abdou was cloned and sequenced. Specific primers were designed and amastin genes for Leishmania mexicana WR972, Leishmania brizeliensis and Leishmania amazonensis joseph were amplified by polymerase chain reaction. Results The amastin genes from 4 strains of Leishmania parasites were cloned and sequenced. It was found that all 4 amastin genes contained unique open reading frame of 552 bp and encoded amastin protein of 183 amino acid residues. Conclusion The amastin genes of 4 strains of Leishmania parasites were successfully cloned.

Objective After the rabbits were electrocuted by 220V AC,we found that the pathological changes in the surface of the bones electrocuted could be one objective and quantitative index for the diagnosis of electrocution in the forensic pathology.Methods The experiment animals were divided into four groups,including: the antemortem electrical injury,postmortem electrical injury,putrefied and the normal.After specimens from each group being taken X ray examination,all specimens were then observed the morphological appearance of the surface of the bones with scanning electron microscopy(SEM),meanwhile,detected the kinds and contents of element in the electrical injury area with energy spectrum.Results①small holes on the surface of electrified area and the detection of contents of the elements in the high-density surrounding the holes could be a index for the diagnosis of AC injury and able to differentiate of the antemortem electrical injury,the postmortem electrical injury and the putrefied bones.②the morphologic changes of small holes and the alteration of the contents of elements such as calcium,phosphorus and carbon could be helpful to estimate the time of electrical injury.Conclusion The morphological appearances and the changes of elements in the surface of the bones electrocuted could be a useful index to analyse the differences among the antemortem electrical injury,postmortem electrical injury,putrefied and the normal bones.

Objective To investigate new cases of endemic cretinism in high-risk areas of Inner Mongolia, the prevalence of endemic goiter, the implementation of comprehensive measures, and to provide scientific basis for developing control strategies against iodine deficiency disorders (IDD). Methods In 2007 and 2008, a search for new cretin cases was conducted among children under the age of 10 in 11 historical serious epidemic cretinism prevalent areas of Songshan district, Keshiketeng qi, Kalaqin qi, Zhalaite qi, Zhuozi county,Liangcheng county, Qingshuihe county, Helin county, Dongsheng district, Zhungeer qi and Yinjinhuoluo qi. Three to 5 towns were selected in each qi(county, district) and 3 to 5 village primary schools were selected in each town.One hundred and twenty to 200 children aged 8 to 10 were selected in each school to inspect thyroid by B ultrasound and palpation and to test intelligence and urinary iodine. Two villages were selected in each town and 30 households were selected to determine urinary iodine of housewives and salt iodine. Results A total of 56 cases of suspected cases of endemic cretinism were found from the 11 counties but no case was confirmed. The goiter rate of children aged 8 to 10 was 5.2% (309/5922) by palpation and 4.3% (252/5922) by B-ultrasound. The median urinary iodine of children aged 8 to 10 was 241.5 μg/L, and urinary iodine was 100 to 300 μg/L, accounted 65.9%(3901/5920). Median urinary iodine of the 9 Qis(counties, districts) was in the range of 200 and 300μg/L.Higher than 5% of the 11 Qis(counties, districts) with urinary iodine lower than 50 μg/L was zero. Higher than 10% of the 11 Qis(counties, districts) with urinary iodine lower than 100 μg/L was 1. The median urinary iodine of housewives was 225.6 μg/L, and lower than 50 μg/L accounted for 2.2%(35/1597). Higher than 10% of the 11 Qis(counties, districts) with urinary iodine lower than 100 μg/L was 4. A total of 2109 households were investigated and 97.45%(2055/2109) of them ate iodized salt and 2.55%(54/2109) of them ate non-iodized salt. Conclusions In the 11 investigated counties, goiter rate of children has decreased to less than 10%, and no new cretin was found. It could be concluded that the fulfillment of prevention and control of IDD is effective. The iodine nutrition of children and women of childbearing age is in an adequate level. The coverage rate of iodized salt has maintained at a higher level, the sales network is sound, the salt price is reasonable and salt is easy to get and the children's intelligence is protected effectively. But, the health education about IDD is still weak, need to be reinforced.