Objective To optimize the microwave processing technology of vinegar Corydalis Rhizoma. Methods On the basis of single factor test, the index was evaluated by total rating of content of tetrahydropalmatine, protopine and the total alkaloid, which were determined by HPLC and UV spectrophotometry method, four factors (fire, stuffy time, processing time and dosage of vinegar) were studied by response surface, the microwave processing technology of vinegar Corydalis Rhizoma was optimized by response surface methodology. Results The optimal parameters of microwave processing technology were as follows: microwave power of 70%, stuffy time of 1.5 h, microwave time of 2.6 min, vinegar dosage of 27.5%, the content of tetrahydropalmatine, protopine, and total alkaloid were 0.112 4%, 0.041 8%, and 0.85%. Conclusion Microwave processing can be used as a processing method to enrich the traditional processing technology.

OBJECTIVEThis work lays the foundation for establishing a digital model database with normal occlusion. A digital dental cast is acquired through grating projection, and model features are measured through reverse engineering.

METHODSThe grating projection system controlled by a computer was projected onto the surface of a normal dental model. Three-dimensional contour data were obtained through multi-angle shooting. A three-dimensional model was constructed, and the model features were analyzed by using reverse engineering. The digital model was compared with the plaster model to determine the accuracy of the measurement system.

RESULTSThe structure of three-dimensional reconstruction model was clear. The digital models of two measurements exhibited no significant difference (P > 0.05). When digital and plaster models were measured, we found that the crown length and arch width were not statistically different (P > 0.05), whereas the difference between the crown width and arch length was statistically significant (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe reconstruction of a digital model by using the grating projection technique and reverse engineering can be used for dental model measurement in clinic al and scientific research and can provide a scientific method for establishing a digital model database with normal occlusion.

Taxus canadensis distributed mainly in North America, such as northern Minnesota, Newfoundland, south to Wisconsin and Pennsylvania. Its composition has been shown to be very different from other species, and in recent years, some new skeletons also have been found in Canada yew. Through analysis of the taxanes content on various Taxus plants containing taxanes, the results showed a higher content of taxol in T. canadensis. Based on the current research on T. canadensis (from the research results of the author in recent years, as well as from studies of scholars in the field), the paper outlined the research progress in recent years on the chemical constituents of taxane of T. canadensis and the spectral characteristics of various types of compounds. Besides, this paper analyzed the present research about solutions for the taxol drug source crisis.
Animals ; Bridged-Ring Compounds ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Molecular Structure ; Plant Extracts ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Taxoids ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Taxus ; chemistry

Objective:To analyze the secular trends of height among Chinese students aged 17 in dif-ferent ethnic minorities from 1985 to 2010. Methods:A total of 18 Chinese ethnic minorities’ students, including Mongolian, Hui, Uygur, Zhuang, Korean, Tibetan, Miao, Buyi, Dong, Bai, Tujia, Hani, Dai, Lisu, Wa, Nakhi, Tu and Qiang as subjects were sampled from the 1985, 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2010 Chinese National Surveys on Students’ Constitution and Health. The heights of 17 years old people by gender in various ethnic minorities were analyzed and compared. Results:From 1985 to 2010, the in-crements of adult heights increased significantly in many ethnic minorities’ boys. In 2010, the average height of boys aged 17 years in each minority group was higher than 162 cm and was higher than 170 cm among boys from Hui, Mongolian and Korean groups. The ethnics with height growth rates of more than 2 cm per decade in boys were Hui (2. 64 cm/decade) and Dong (2. 05 cm/decade) and the ethnics with height growth rates of more than 1 cm per decade were Korean (1. 99 cm/decade), Tibetan (1. 90 cm/decade), Hani (1. 80 cm/decade) and the other 9 minority groups. The average height of girls aged 17 years in each minority group was higher than 150 cm in 2010 . The heights showed an upward trend in 15 minority groups, but with different degrees. The ethnics with height growth rates of more than 1 cm per decade were Hui (1. 56 cm/decade) and Korean (1. 29 cm/decade). The increments that were signifi-cant between 1985 and 2010 were Hui (3. 89 cm), Korean (3. 23 cm), Dong (2. 35cm) and the other 6 minority groups ( P<0 . 05 ) . Conclusion: Our data suggest that the increments of adult heights may reflect the secular growth change in the major minority groups during the past 25 years, but there was an obvious disequilibrium among various ethnic minorities. We should pay more attention to the minority groups with poor growth and give them more help. Meanwhile, we should also pay attention to the nega-tive effects of the secular growth trend on those minority groups with fast increasing adult height.

Objective: To analyze the prevalence of reduced visual acuity (VA) and to examine the association between reduced visual acuity and influencing factors among Chinese Han students, so as to provide bases for the prevention and treatment of reduced visual acuity.Methods: Subjects were from 2014 Chinese National Surveys on Students' Constitution and Health (CNSSCH).In this survey, 261 832 Han students aged 7-22 years participated.Unaided distance VA was measured using a retro-illuminated lgMAR chart with tumbling-E optotypes.Ametropia was determined by using serial bronchoscopy.Logistic regression was used to assess the association between reduced visual acuity and influencing factors.ArcMap 10 was used to map the regional distribution of reduced visual acuity.Results: Nationwide, the overall prevalence of reduced visual acuity was 66.6%, and was highest among the urban girls (73.5%).The prevalence of myopia was 60.8% and accounted for more than 90% among the students with reduced visual acuity.Compared with 2010 CNSSCH, the increments of reduced visual acuity were highest in the students aged 13-15 years (6.8 percentage points).The prevalence of reduced visual acuity ranged from 50.6% to 76.2% in each province (autonomous region, municipality) in 2014 CNSSCH.The top three of the prevalence of reduced visual acuity were Jiangsu (76.2%), Zhejiang (76.0%) and Shandong (75.9%), and the lowest three were Hainan (50.6%), Guizhou (53.9%) and Xinjiang (57.6%).Logistic regression showed that the girls, urban students, and students who spent ≥2 h per day in their after school homework were more likely to develop reduced visual acuity, but the students with physical activity time ≥2 h per day were less likely to develop reduced visual acuity.Conclusion: Although the situation was different in each province (autonomous region, municipality), reduced visual acuity has become a public concern affecting the health of students in China.Based on the intervention on the key populations, such as urban girls and pre adolescent students, we should also continue to strengthen the prevention and control for reduced visual acuity among all students.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Animals ; Catfishes ; Ciguatera Poisoning ; Eggs ; adverse effects ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult

Objective To explore the clinical effect of early cognitive rehabilitation on cognitive,physical function and quality of life in the patients transferred from intensive care unit (ICU).Methods A total of 120 cases of patients who were transferred from ICU to general wards was randomly divided into the control group and the observation group with 60 cases in each group.The control group was given symptomatic treatment according to their original disease,without cognitive intervention.On the basis of the control group,the observation group was treated with cognitive rehabilitation training,2 times / week,2 h/ times,12 weeks of treatment.The cognitive function,physical function and quality of life of two groups were compared with the memory and executive screening scale (MES),the daily activity scale (ADL),and the concise Health Survey (SF-36) before and after treatment.Results Compared to before treatment,after treatment,MES,SF-36 (in addition to bodily pain) and ADL scale project score in the observation group was significantly higher,SF-36 bodily pain scores decreased significantly,all the differences were statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05);Compared to the control group,after treatment,the MES,SF-36 (in addition to bodily pain) and ADL scale scores in the observation group of were significantly increased,the bodily pain score of SF-36 in the observation group compared with the control group decreased significantly,all the differences were statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Early cognitive rehabilitation can significantly improve the cognitive,physical function and quality of life in the patients transferred from ICU,and it is worthy of clinical reference.

Objective MiR-375 is lowly expressed in esophageal squamous cancer cells and the downstream target gene of miR-375 remains unclear .This paper discusses the role of miR-375 in regulating the expression of short stature homobox 2 ( SHOX2) in human esophageal squamous cancer cells . Methods The bioinformatics software TargetScan , miRanda, PicTar, miRTarget2, and PITA were used to predict the assumptive targets of miR-375 in SHOX2.Then, two recombinant luciferase gene report plasmids containing wild pSHOX2 3′UTR ( pSHOX2-375-WT ) and mutant pSHOX2 3′UTR ( pSHOX2-375-mut ) were constructed , sequenced , and identified.Human esophageal squamous cancer cells were co-transfected with miR-375 mimics and pSHOX2-375-WT or pSHOX2-375-mut, respectively , and divided into 7 groups: pmiR, pSHOX2-375-WT, pSHOX2-375-WT +miR-375, pSHOX2-375-WT +miR-NC, pSHOX2-375-mut, pSHOX2-375-mut+miR-375, and pSHOX2-375-mut+miR-NC, each subjected to the measurement of luciferase activity .The expressions of SHOX 2 mRNA and protein were de-termined after transfection of the esophageal squamous cancer cells with miR-375 mimics, and so were the expressions of miR-375 and SHOX2 in the esophageal squamous carcinoma tissue samples obtained postoperatively . Results Prediction with the five software showed only one conserved function site of miR-375 in SHOX2 3′UTR at 1156-1170 bp.Luciferase activity was significantly lower in the pSHOX2-375-WT+miR-375 group (0.261 ±0.036) than in the pmiR (1.818 ±0.061), pSHOX2-375-WT (1.820 ±0.086), pSHOX2-375-WT+miR-NC (1.851 ±0.094), pSHOX2-375-mut (1.861 ±0.059), pSHOX2-375-mut +miR-375 (1.896 ± 0.048), and pSHOX2-375-mut+miR-NC group (1.760 ±0.062) ( P<0.01).SHOX2 mRNA and protein expressions were sup-pressed by the overexpression of miR-375 in the EC9706 cells.The expression of miR-375 was decreased, while that of SHOX2 in-creased in the esophageal squamous carcinoma tissue as compared with the normal esophageal tissue . Conclusion MiR-375 regu-lates the expression of the SHOX 2 gen in esophageal squamous cancer cells .

Objective:To explore the association of physical activities,sedentary behaviors with over-weight/obesity in Chinese children aged 9 -1 1 years,analyze the gender difference and heterogeneity of the association across different provinces,and provide evidence for prevention and control of overweight and obesity.Methods:Using the data of 40 692 children aged 9 -1 1 years from Chinese National Survey on Students’Constitution and Health in 201 0,the height and weight were measured and the time spent in physical activities,screen behaviors and homework were collected.We analyzed the associations among physical activities,sedentary behaviors and overweight/obesity in boys and girls separately,and assessed the heterogeneity of associations across different provinces with Meta-analysis.Results:The prevalence of overweight/obesity of the boys (27.1 %)was higher than that of the girls (1 2.9%),compared with the rural students (1 5.6%),the situation of overweight/obesity of the urban students (23.8%)was more serious,the prevalences of overweight/obesity were separately 22.6%,1 9.2% and 1 7.5% among developed,middle-developed and undeveloped social economic status subgroups.The boys with physical activities no more than 1 hour per day were more likely to be overweight/obese,with the OR of 1 .09 (95%CI:1 .02,1 .1 7).The girls with screen time more than 1 hour per day or homework time more than 2 hours per day were more likely to be overweight/obese,with the ORs of 1 .1 3 (95%CI:1 .02, 1 .26)and 1 .1 8 (95%CI:1 .03,1 .35)respectively.The high level of sedentary behaviors (more than 1 35min per day)was associated with overweight/obese in the girls,and the OR was 1 .1 9 (95%CI:1 .08,1 .33).There was no significant heterogeneity of effect values between physical activities and over-weight/obesity in the boys and between sedentary behaviors and overweight/obesity in the girls across the different provinces (P >0.05).Conclusion:The associations among physical activities,sedentary be-haviors and overweight/obesity existed in Chinese children aged 9 -1 1 years,which were different in boys and girls.There was no statistically significant heterogeneity across different provinces.The strate-gies to prevent and control overweight/obesity in primary school students should focus on gender-specific needs.

Objective:To analyze the prevalence of anemia and its proportions of severity,and to exa-mine the association between anemia and nutritional status among Chinese students of ethnic minorities, so as to provide bases for the prevention and treatment of anemia.Methods:The subjects were Mongoli-an,Hui,Zhuang and Korean students aged 7,9,1 2,1 4 and 1 7 years,sampled from the 201 0 Chinese National Surveys on Students’Constitution and Health.World Health Organization (WHO)criteria for screening anemia (2001 )was used,and the proportion rates of mild,moderate and severe were ana-lyzed.The nutritional status was defined according to the growth references of body mass index (BMI)-for-age z-score for 5 -1 9 years developed by the WHO.Stepwise Logistic regression was used to assess the association between anemia and nutritional status,gender,urban /rural areas,age and ethnic minori-ties.Results:The prevalences of anemia were 4.4%,26.4%,6.6% and 5.8% in Mongolian,Hui, Zhuang and Korean students,respectively,of whom,the prevalence of anemia was highest in rural girls and reached 4.8%,42.0%,9.0% and 6.7%,respectively.Most of the ethnic minorities’students belonged to mild anemia,and the prevalence of severe anemia was 1 .4%,1 2.9%,1 .6% and 1 .9% in Mongolian,Hui,Zhuang and Korean students,respectively.Stepwise Logistic regression showed that the girls,rural students,students aged 1 2 years and 1 7 years,Hui,Zhuang and Korean students were more likely to develop anemia than the boys,urban students,students aged 7 years and Mongolian students. The overweight students were less likely to develop anemia compared with the normal students and there was no significant association between anemia and thinness or obesity when the other factors were con-trolled (P >0.05).Conclusion:The epidemic of anemia was different in the different ethnic minorities and the prevalence of anemia in Hui students was of moderate public health concern according to the WHO’s criteria.We should pay more attention to the prevention and treatment of anemia for Hui and eth-nic minorities in rural areas,especially for rural girls.The nutritional status of students could not be a ba-sis or judgement for anemia as there was no significant association between anemia and nutritional status.