BACKGROUNDMumps virus infection is a potentially serious viral infection of childhood and early adulthood. In China, live attenuated S(79) mumps vaccine has been licensed for pediatric use since 1990. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of live attenuated S(79) mumps vaccine against clinical mumps in outbreaks.

METHODSCases were selected from mumps outbreaks in schools in Guangzhou between 2004 and 2005. Each case was matched by gender, age and classroom. Vaccination information was obtained from Children's EPI Administrative Computerized System. Vaccine effectiveness (VE) was calculated for 1 or 2 doses of S(79) vaccine with 95% confidence intervals (CI).

RESULTSOne hundred and ninety-four cases and 194 controls were enrolled into the study. VE of the S(79) mumps vaccine for 1 dose versus 0 confer protection 80.4% (95% CI, 60.0%-90.4%) and VEs against mumps in outbreaks for 1 dose of mumps vaccine are similar among those children aged 4-9 years and aged over 10 years old.

CONCLUSIONThe live attenuated S(79) mumps vaccine can be effective in preventing clinical mumps outbreaks.

Case-Control Studies ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Mumps ; epidemiology ; immunology ; Mumps Vaccine ; immunology ; Vaccines, Attenuated ; immunology

OBJECTIVETo describe the characteristics of child pedestrian traffic injuries among aged 0-14 years old in Guangzhou city and to provide information on road, vehicle and human injuries in pedestrian.

METHODSA database of all motor vehicle crashes involving child pedestrian traffic injury cases over a five-year period (2000-2004), was from the police department.

RESULTSThe annual pedestrian traffic injury rates on incidence, mortality and case fatality were 17.63/ 1,100,000, 1.78/ 100,000 and 10.07% respectively. Both incidence rate and mortality peaked in the 5-9 age group were 26.80/ 100,000 and 2.57/ 100,000, with case fatality peaked in the 0-4 age group (13.29%). For males, the incidence (20.98/ 100,000) and mortality (2.00/ 100,000) were higher than that in females (13.83/ 100,000, and 1.52/ 100,000). The main injured parts of body would include multi-areas (40.34%), head (26.75%) and lower limbs (21.53%). 10.07% of the cases died and 66.18% and 23.75% of them having had severe and slight injures. The major causes were due to drivers (57.50%) and pedestrians (33.47%) faults with top three responsible vehicles were cars (40.14%), two-wheeled motorcycles (34.38%) and vans (22.15%).

CONCLUSIONData from pediatric pedestrian injury poses a threat to children and adolescents, data suggesting that it is important to change behaviors of both drivers and pedestrians.

Accidents, Traffic ; statistics & numerical data ; Adolescent ; Age Distribution ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Wounds and Injuries ; epidemiology

BACKGROUNDThe radial approach has been increasingly used as an alternative to femoral access. And more procedures using repeated transradial coronary intervention (r-TRI) are performed. However, few data about r-TRI has been obtained. Therefore, we investigated the safety and feasibility of r-TRI using the same route.

METHODSA total of 423 consecutive eligible patients undergoing r-TRI were enrolled in the r-TRI group, and 846 patients with initial TRI (i-TRI) were assigned to the i-TRI group in a 2:1 matching ratio compared to r-TRI group. The primary endpoint included the success rate of the procedure and the incidence of vascular related complications.

RESULTSThe baseline clinical characteristics in the two groups were comparable. The success rate of procedures in the r-TRI and i-TRI was similar (96.0% vs. 97.5%, P = 0.130). In subgroup analysis (coronary angiography only or angiography with pecutaneous coronary intervention), similar results were also observed. The puncture numbers and incidence of radial artery spasm in the r-TRI group were significantly higher than in the i-TRI group (P = 0.024 and P < 0.001, respectively). The other procedural outcomes in the two groups were identical. With respect to the incidence of overall vascular related complication and independent events, there were no significant differences in spite of a higher incidence of radial artery occlusion (RAO) in the r-TRI group (RAO: 1.2% vs. 0.7%, P = 0.521). The patients in the i-TRI group had more comfortable feeling than patients in the r-TRI group (P = 0.001).

CONCLUSIONSR-TRI produces a comparable procedure success rate and incidence of vascular complication when compared to i-TRI. It should be considered as an acceptable and safe procedure.

Adult ; Aged ; Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary ; adverse effects ; methods ; Coronary Angiography ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged

Objective To observe the brain activation of interictal epiletiform discharges(IEDs) and to localize the epileptogenic foci of epilepsy.Methods The electroencephalogram(EEG)and functional MRI data of 12 focal epileptic patients were acquired using a combination of EEG and functional MRI simultaneously.The IEDs onset time detected with EEG were set as the time parameters in an event- related paradigm of functional MRI analysis.The spatial and temporal characters of IEDs activation were analyzed in detail.In order to confirm the consistency of this method,all patients were scanned repeatedly and the results were correlated with clinical evaluation.Results Of the 12 patients,valid data from EEG- fMRI were obtained from 10 patients in a total of 18 sessions..Compared with the structural foci,the epileptic foci localization results of eleven sessions were good,five sessions were fairly good,and two sessions were poor.The results obtained from six patients in two separate sessions were concordant.respectively.Moreover,thalamic activation was detected in ten sessions,cerebellar activation was detected in all sessions,and the deactivation was found in the default mode loci in nine sessions. Conclusion The method of performing EEG and fMRI simultaneously can potentially be a useful tool in epilepsy research.

BACKGROUNDStent thrombosis is one of severe complications after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation. Rapamycin (sirolimus) promotes arterial thrombosis in in vivo studies. However, the underlying molecular and transcriptional mechanisms of this adverse effect have not been thoroughly investigated. This study was designed to examine the effects of rapamycin on the expression of the gene, Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2), and its transcriptional targets in mice.

METHODSMice were randomly divided into four groups: the control group (intraperitoneal injection with 2.5% of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) only), rapamycin group (intraperitoneal injection with 2 mg/kg of rapamycin only), Ad-LacZ + rapamycin group (carotid arterial incubation with Ad-LacZ plus intraperitoneal injection with 2 mg/kg of rapamycin 10 days later), and Ad-KLF2 + rapamycin group (carotid arterial incubation with Ad-KLF2 plus intraperitoneal injection with 2 mg/kg rapamycin 10 days later). The carotid arterial thrombosis formation was induced by FeCl3 and the time of arterial thrombosis was determined. Finally, the RNA and protein of carotid arteries were extracted for KLF2, tissue factor (TF), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), thrombomodulin (TM) mRNA and protein analysis.

RESULTSCompared with controls, treatment with rapamycin inhibited KLF2, eNOS and TM mRNA and protein expression, and enhanced TF and PAI-1 mRNA and protein expression, and shortened time to thrombotic occlusion from (1282 ± 347) seconds to (715 ± 120) seconds (P < 0.01) in vivo. Overexpression of KLF2 strongly reversed rapamycin-induced effects on KLF2, eNOS, TM, TF and PAI-1 expression. KLF2 overexpression increased the time to thrombotic occlusion to control levels in vivo.

CONCLUSIONSRapamycin induced an inhibition of KLF2 expression and an imbalance of anti- and pro-thrombotic gene expression, which promoted arterial thrombosis in vivo. Overexpression of KLF2 increased KLF2 expression and reversed time to thrombosis in vivo.

Animals ; Carotid Arteries ; metabolism ; Drug-Eluting Stents ; adverse effects ; Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors ; analysis ; genetics ; physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III ; physiology ; Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 ; physiology ; Sirolimus ; pharmacology ; Thrombomodulin ; physiology ; Thrombosis ; chemically induced

AIM To investigate the renoprotective effects and mechanism of Caragana sinica roots,Astragali Radix and their combination use on the rat model of diabetic kidney disease(DKD).METHODS Sixty SD rats were randomly divided into the normal group,the model group,the Empagliflozin group(10 mg/kg),the C.sinica roots group(3.1 g/kg),the Astragali Radix group(3.1 g/kg),and the C.sinica roots plus Astragali Radix group(6.2 g/kg).In contrast to the intact rats of the normal group,rats of the other groups underwent left nephrectomy and intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin(STZ)followed by 8-week intragastric gavage of the corresponding agent,during which their levels of FBG and 24 h urinary microprotein(24 h U-mAlb)were detected regularly.The rats killed at the end of the trial had their levels of Scr,BUN and Cystatin C detected;their renal pathological changes observed by HE,PAS and Masson stainings;their expressions of macrophage marker proteins CD68 and iNOS detected by immunohistochemistry;their expressions of renal JNK/SAPK pathway proteins such as JNK,p-JNK,TNF-α,IL-1β and ICAM-1 detected by Western blot;and their serum levels of TNF-α,IL-1β and ICAM-1 detected by ELISA as well.RESULTS Compared with the normal group,the model group displayed increased levels of FBG,24 h U-mAlb,BUN,Scr and Cystatin C(P＜0.01);more renal pathological damage,and increased levels of TNF-α,IL-1β and ICAM-1 in the renal tissue and serum(P＜0.01);and increased renal protein expressions of JNK and p-JNK(P＜0.01).Compared with the model group,all of the groups intervened with an agent shared decreased levels of FBG,24 h U-mAlb,BUN,Scr and Cystatin C(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);alleviated renal pathological damage,and decreased levels of TNF-α,IL-1β and ICAM-1 in renal tissue and serum(P＜0.01).There existed no group difference between the Astragali Radix group and the C.sinica roots group in terms of all indices levels(P＞0.05).The C.sinica roots plus Astragali Radix group demonstrated its superiority over either C.sinica roots group or Astragali Radix group in terms of all the indices levels(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).CONCLUSION C.sinica roots,Astragali Radix or their combination use can alleviate the renal pathological damage and improve the renal function of DKD rats through inhibiting the M1 macrophages,reducing the secretion of inflammatory factors,whose mechanism may lie in the inhibition of JNK/SAPK signal pathway activation.A better effect can be anticipated by the combination use of C.sinica roots and Astragali Radix.

AIM To investigate the impact of the combination use of Caragana sinica Radix and Astragali Radix on a rat model of diabetic kidney disease(DKD).METHODS The SD rats were randomly divided into the normal group,the model group,the Engelgin group,the Caragana sinica Radix group,the Astragali Radix group and the Caragana sinica Radix-Astragali Radix compatibility group,with 10 rats in each group.Following the successful establishment of a DKD model by unilateral amputate renal combined with intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin(STZ),the corresponding gastric gavage of drugs were administered for 8 weeks.The rats had their 24 h urinary microalbumin(24 h U-mALB)detected at 0,4 and 8 weeks;their levels of Scr,BUN,CysC,MDA and SOD activity detected by ELISA;their renal ROS expression detected by fluorescence probe method;their renal pathological changes observed by HE,PAS,Masson and PASM-Masson staining;their renal expressions of NOX4,Drp1,MFN2 and P62 detected by immunohistochemistry;and their renal expressions of PINK1,MFN2,Parkin,LC3-Ⅱ/Ⅰ,P62 and p-Drp1 proteins detected by Western blot.RESULTS Compared with the model group,each treatment group displayed lower contents of 24 h U-mALB,BUN,Scr and CysC in the serum of rats(P＜0.01);reduced pathological structure damage of the renal tissue;decreased MDA level in serum and kidney(P＜0.01);increased SOD activity(P＜0.01);increased renal protein expressions of PINK1,MFN2,Parkin and LC3-Ⅱ/Ⅰ(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);and decreased protein expressions of p-Drp1 and P62(P＜0.01).And the Astragali Radix group and the Caragana sinica Radix-Astragali Radix compatibility group took the lead(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).CONCLUSION Upon the rat model of DKD,the compatibility of Caragana sinica Radix and Astragali Radix may alleviate their renal pathological damage and improve their renal function by activating the mitochondrial autophagy to improve mitochondrial dynamics and inhibit their oxidative stress via PINK1/MFN2/Parkin pathway.

In order to investigate the effects of different terms of inhaled nitric oxide (NO) preconditioning with low concentration on the activations of Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 (TLR2/4) in the lung ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in mice, we divided the male C57BL mice into five groups: sham (S) group, IR group, NO 1-min preconditioning group (15 ppm NO inhalation for 1 min before ischemia, NO 1-min), NO 10-min preconditioning group (15 ppm NO inhalation for 10 min before ischemia, NO 10-min), NO 60-min preconditioning group (15 ppm NO inhalation for 60 min before ischemia, NO 60-min). The changes of partial pressure of oxygen in artery (PaO2), left lung wet-to-dry weight ratio (W/D), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in the injured lung were measured in every group at 6th h of reperfusion after 60 min of left lung ischemia. The changes of TLR2/4 activations and plasma TNF-α were measured in this procedure in additional mice. As compared with IR group, PaO2 increased, MPO and W/D decreased evidently after reperfusion in NO 10-min group. The changes in NO 60-min group were similar to those in NO 10-min group. There was no difference between NO 1-min and IR group. In NO inhalation group, the expressions levels of TLR2/4 mRNA and proteins were diminished, TNF-α concentrations were decreased, and the lung injuries were ameliorated effectively. We concluded that short term inhalation of NO protected lung IR injury. But the protective effect of NO was not increased with extension of inhaled NO. Inhaled NO could inhibit the activations of TLR2/4 in the lung after IR injury. TLR signal pathway might contribute to the effect of protection with NO in this model.
Administration, Inhalation ; Animals ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Lung ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Lung Injury ; metabolism ; prevention & control ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Nitric Oxide ; administration & dosage ; Reperfusion Injury ; metabolism ; prevention & control ; Toll-Like Receptor 2 ; metabolism ; Toll-Like Receptor 4 ; metabolism ; Treatment Outcome

AIM To establish an HPLC-ELSD method for the simultaneous content determination of euscaphic acid,tormentic acid,crategolic acid,corosolic acid,platycodin E,platycodin D3 and platycodin D in Chuanbei Luohan Zhike Granules (Fritillariae cirrhosae Bulbus,Eriobotryae Folium,Platycodonis Radix,etc.).METHODS The analysis of 60％ methanol extract of this drug was performed on a 30 ℃ thermostatic Ultimate XB C18 column (4.6 mm ×250 mm,5 μm),with the mobile phase comprising of acetonitrile-0.5％ ammonium acetate flowing at 0.6 mL/min in a gradient elution manner.RESULTS Seven constituents showed good linear relationships within their own ranges (r ＞ 0.999 0),whose average recoveries were 96.99％-99.78％ with the RSDs of 0.72％-1.72％.CONCLUSION This accurate,simple,specific and reproducible method can be used for the quality control of Chuanbei Luohan Zhike Granules.

Objective To explore the feasibility and safety of T stenting and small protrusion(TAP)technique and compare the efficacy with simple stenting in patients with coronary bifurcation lesions and with big size side branch.Methods A total of 142 eligible patients were recruited and 127 patients completed the study(simple stenting group 58 and TAP technique group 69).Results Major adverse cardiovascular event rate was similar at 12 months follow up between the groups(TAP technique group 13.0%versus simple stenting group 12.1%,P＞0.05).The late of procedural-related myocardial infarction,procedure and fluoroscopy time,contrast volumes were also similar between 2 groups(all P＞0.05).At 8 months,coronary angiography revealed that the restenosis rate of the ostium of side branch in TAP group was significantly lowerthan that of simple stenting group(17.1% versus 3.8%,P＜0.05).Overall restennosis rate was similar between the groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion Both TAP technique and simple stenting are feasible and effective strategies for treating patients with bifureation lesions.