Objective To investigate whether the decision-making ability was impaired under the condition of clear risk probability in patients with cerebral miceobleeds (CMBs).Methods The Game of Dice Test (GDT) with the clear risk probability was used to conduct the risk decision ability study in 45 patients with CMBs and 45 without CMBs.Results GDT showed that patients in the CMBs group was more like to choose the risky option compared with the non-CMB group (9.64 ± 3.22 vs.6.51 ± 4.48;t =3.809,P ＜0.001).Among the 4 options,the most frequent choice in the CMBs group was the option of the highest risk,i.e.2 numbers (6.91 ±3.02 vs.4.71 ±2.95;t =3.494,P =0.001);and the most frequent choice in the non-CMBs was 3 numbers (4.87 ±2.17 vs.7.71 ±2.71;t =-5.496,P＜0.001).The GDT was divided into 3 stages.The number of security options selected by patients in the CMBs group was significantly less than that by patients in the non-CMBs group in all stages (stage 1:-0.27 ± 3.00 vs.0.93 ±3.09;t =-1.867,P =0.065;stage 2:-0.62 ± 2.55 vs.2.27 ± 2.65;t =-5.268,P ＜ 0.001;stage 3:-0.53 ± 2.57 vs.2.89 ± 3.12;t =-5.677,P＜ 0.001),and with the increase of the number of tests,selecting security options increased gradually in the non-CMB group (F =4.780,P =0.010),while the CMBs group was not (F =0.209,P =0.812).Conclusions The patients with CMBs have significant impairment in decision making ability under the condition of specific risk probability.

Diagnosis, Differential ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Keratins ; analysis ; Male ; Prostatic Hyperplasia ; diagnosis ; Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia ; diagnosis ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; Racemases and Epimerases ; analysis ; Staining and Labeling ; methods

Objective To investigate the effects of dopaminergic medication on decision-making un-der ambiguity in patients with early Parkinson's disease( PD) . Methods Using Iowa Gambling Task ( IGT) for 24 early non-medication idiopathic PD patients( Hoehn and Yahr Scale≤Ⅱlevel) ,24 early idiopathic PD patients with regular dopaminergic medication and also for 24 healthy controls( HC) whose age,gender,and education match to PD patients to test their ability of decision-making under ambiguity. Results The results showed non-medication PD group showed impairments on digtal span and verbal fluency and decision-making task. There was significant difference in IGT task scores among the three groups(F=6.024, P=0.004) . The total net scores of advantageous choices in IGT were significantly lower in non-medication PD group( (-4.50 ±22.19) scores) than medication PD group((8.83±23.24)scores) and healthy group((15.92±15.77) scores) . The difference of net scores in block1 to block5 between non-medication PD group and medication PD group was gradually increased,and the difference of net scores in block5 was significant(P<0.05) . There was no significant difference in total net scores and net scores in block1 to block5 between medication PD group and healthy group(P>0.05) . As the game processing,medication PD group gradually shifted their se-lections toward the advantageous choices. But non-medication group did not exhibit this shift pattern and the performance was much poorer. Meanwhile, the study also indicated the total net scores of advantageous choices for non-medication PD group was positive correlation to the MoCA scores ( r=0.614, P=0.001). Conclusion The present study has shown that non-medication PD group has impairment in decision-making under ambiguity risk condition and prefer to choose risky options. when exogenous complement dopaminergic medication,the risk decision-making ability of medication PD group has been improved.

Objective To determine the effect of inhaling rosemary compound essential oil on learning and memory and the expression of choline acetyl transferase (ChAT) in the CA1 region of the hippocampus in rats with vascular dementia (VD).Methods A modified 2-VO method was used to induce permanent brain hypoperfusion,and thus VD,in 60 male SD rats aged 2 months.They were then randomly divided into a normal control group (n =10),a sham-operation group (n =10),a model group (n =10),a rosemary compound essential oil group (n =10) and an edaravone group (n =10).The rosemary compound essential oil group inhaled a compound of the essential oils of rosemary,eugenol and peppermint once a day; the edaravone group was given a daily injection of edaravone injecta.Both the interventions lasted for 65 days.A water maze was used to test their learning and memory abilities.Morphological damage in the CA1 region of the hippocampus and the expression of ChAT were also observed.Results The learning and memory abilities of the model group were significantly weaker compared with the sham-operated group and the normal controls.The rats in the rosemary compound essential oil and edaravone groups were obviously better than those in the model group,but there was no significant difference between rosemary compound essential oil group and the edaravone group.The morphological damage observed in the hippocampus and striatum of the model group was significantly greater,on average,than that observed in the rosemary compound essential oil group and the edaravone group.The average number of ChAT positive units in the CA1 region of the hippocampus was significantly greater in both the rosemary compound essential oil group and the edaravone group compared with the model group,but there was no significant difference between the rosemary compound essential oil group and the edaravone group.Conclusions Inhaling rosemary compound essential oil can improve the learning and memory abilities of rats with VD caused by permanent chronic brain hypoperfusion.It decreases the damage to the neurons of the hippocampus,increases the expression of ChAT,and shows a therapeutic effect on VD,at least in rats.

Objective To investigate the effect of apolipoprotein E gene knock-out(ApoE KO) and high-fat diet on morphology and the expression of mortalin in hippocampal CA_3 neurons of mice, and to explore the impact of these factors on memory and Alzheimer's disease.Methods Ten wild-type and 10 ApoE KO mice were fed with common chow as the control group and the KO group respectively while 10 ApoE KO mice were fed with high fat diet.Twelve weeks later, the weight and the lid of these mice were measured.The brain tissues were observed using HE staining, nissl staining, protargol staining,immunohistochemistry staining and image analysis by computer.Results In the ApoE KO group, weight,total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were higher than those in the control group,and these changes were more significant in ApoE KO high-fat diet group.The nissl was higher in the ApoE KO group (0.301±0.031) and in ApoE KO high-fat diet group (0.261±0.020) than those in the control group (0.341±0.035, F=18.068, P<0.05).The mortalin in the ApoE KO group (0.322±0.060) and in ApoE KO high-fat diet group (0.391±0.041) were higher than the control group (0.256±0.061, F=15.230, P < 0.05).Conclusions ApoE KO and high-fat diet can reduce nissl, and improve the expression of mortalin.This protein may be involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.

Objective According to the data collected from gastric cancer families comparative study, the influence factors of Hardy-Weinberg (H-W) equilibrium in the association studies of gene polymorphism and disease were analyzed to reveal the reasons that affecting the equilibrium deviation in the group. Methods Varieties of risk genotype for gastric cancer were analyzed and detected with H-W equilibrium, genetic linkage disequilibrium analysis and Cochran-Armitage trend test. Results (1) Significant deviations from H-W equilibrium were observed in IL-1B-31, IL-IB-511, IL-IRN and TNF-A-308 of the cases and controls (P<0.01). MIF-173 tended to be equilibrium in the population. (2)Deviations from expectations of phenotypes combination probability were observed in two-site H-W χ2 tests (P< 0.01). (3)The Cochran-Armitage trend test showed that distribution of IL-1B-511 and IL-1RN were significantly different(P<0.05), suggesting that population stratification might have existed in the group. Conclusions (1)Affected by frequency-dependent selection, under the combination of linkage disequilibrium, mutations and interaction, genotype frequency of IL-1B-31, IL-1B-511, IL-1RN and TNF-A-308 showed deviation from H-W equilibrium in population. (2)Two-site genetic equilibrium test model seemed better to reflect the differences of phenotypic combination fitness. (3)Population stratification was another factor to express the deviation from H-W equilibrium.

Objective To establish a method for rapidly identifying Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis and Brucella suis by multiple primers PCR. Methods According to Brncella abortus, Brucella melitensis and Brucella suis IS711 insertion sequences, a public primer and three specific primers(544A, 16M, 1330S) were designed to set up multiplex PCR detection method. Yersinia O : 9, Escherichia coli O157 : HT, Salmonella typhimurium 47729 were selected to undergo multiple PCR reactions to detect the specificity. The sensitivity of multiple primers PCR of Brucella abortus was detected using multiple proportion dilution method. Results The amplified fragment size of Brucella abortus was 485 bp, that of Brucella melitensis 731 bp, and that of Brucella suis 248 bp, but PCR for the DNA of Yersinia O : 9, Escherichia coli O157 : H7, Salmonella typhimurium 47729 was negative. A sensitivity of the multiple primers PCR with Brucella abortus DNA using multiple proportional dilution quantitative method was 0.0967 pg. Conclusions Multiple PCR amplification method for rapidly detecting Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis and Brucella suis has been successfully established, resulting in good specificity and sensitivity.

Objective To evaluate the clinical outcomes and report the second-look arthroscopic findings of reconstructed anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) using deep-frozen allograft.Methods Sixty-six patients undergoing ACL reconstruction using deep-frozen allograft in our institute with at least twelve months follow-up from January 2012 to March 2016 were included and received second-look arthroscopy.The patients consisted of 51 males and 15 females with an average age of 30.6 years (range,18 to 55 years) at the time of ACL reconstruction.Knee functions were evaluated by Lysholm score and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score.Knee stability was evaluated by drawer test,Lachman test and KT-1000 arthrometer.Second-look arthroscopic evaluation was performed in all patients,focused on continuity of the reconstructed ACL,the synovial coverage and subjective tension of the graft,and the prevalence of cyclops-like lesion and other changes after reconstruction procedures.Resuits All patients were followed up for average 18.3 months (range,12 to 36 months).Thirty-one patients underwent second-look arthroscopy from 12 to 18 months,and the other 35 patients underwent second-look arthroscopy from 18 to 36 months after ACL reconstruction.No infection,rejection reaction and other serious complication were reported after operation.The knee range of motion was normal in all cases,except that 10° extension limitation in one case.The Lysholm score significantly improved from preoperative 54.95±9.01 to 12 months postoperatively 86.14±5.86,and the IKDC improved from 54.79±9.12 to 85.11±5.77.Lachman test was positive in 8 cases,but negative in 58 cases postoperatively.KT-1000 arthrometer measurement showed that the side-toside difference significantly improved from preoperative 6.70± 1.24 mm to postoperative 1.52± 1.02 mm.Complete discontinuity occurred in 2 cases of the reconstructed grafts,graft tear in 4 cases.Cyclops-like mass was identified in 2 cases.The overall synovial coverage was slightly better in the patients who were followed up more than 18 months than those less than 18 months.However,there was no significant difference among the groups in the field of graft tension.The patients with taut grafts showed statistically better KT-1000 values (1.14±0.35 mm) than those with lax grafts (2.95±1.38 mm).Conclusion Frozen allograft could be a reasonable choice for ACL reconstruction.However,the graft integration and remodeling could tend to be slow.

Objective To evaluate the olfactory functions in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) with a smell identification test developed for the Chinese population and to examine possible factors contributing to PD patients' olfactory performance.Methods Fifty-five patients with idiopathic and nondementia PD and 55 demographically matched healthy controls (HC) were recruited and their olfactory identification tested using the Chinese Smell Identification Test developed by the Institute of Psychology at Chinese Academy of Sciences.Results Olfactory identification score was significantly lower (t =-6.827,P＜0.01) in the PD group (19.3 ±5.4) as compared with the HC group (26.5 ±5.7).Of all PD patients,63.6％ scored over 1 SD below the age norm.In particular,of those with Hoehn-Yahr ratings between 2 to 3,77.8％ scored over 1 SD below the age norm.Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis indicated that a cut-off score of 22.5 on the Chinese Smell Identification Test distinguished between PD patients and HC with a sensitivity of 74.6％ and specificity of 70.9％.Within the PD group,age,education,Hoehn-Yahr rating and Mini-Mental State Examination score were not found to correlate with olfactory performance (all P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion PD patients in China show significant impairment of olfactory identification,which is effectively captured by the Chinese Smell Identification Test.

A rapid analytical method was developed for the determination of N-methylcarbamoyl adduct in Hemoglobin of workers exposed to N,N-dimethylformamide by ultra high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry ( UPLC/MS/MS). About 0. 1 g of hemoglobin sample, 40 μmol/L of 3-methyl-5-isopropylhydantoin (MIH) as the internal standard and 4. 75 mL of HCl-acetic acid (2∶1, V/V) were added in the centrifuge tube, and mixed for 3 min. Then the tube was heated in boiling water bath for 1h. After cooling down, 200 μL of the mixture and 600 μL of formic acid-acetonitrile (1%) were added into 96-well extract plate. The vacuum pump pressure was controlled to make the sample collection elute within 2-4 min.The purified collection was transferred into the sample vial, and 3-methyl-5-isopropylhydantoin ( MVH ) as degration product of N-methylcarbamoyl adduct was quantified by UPLC/MS/MS in multiple reaction monitoring ( MRM ) by internal standard method. A good linear relationship was obtained in the MVH concentration range of 0 . 01-1 . 0 μmol/L with the correlation coefficient of 0 . 999 . The recovery of added MVH in the blank sample was 97 . 3% and the relative standard deviation was 1 . 7%. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0. 01 μmol/g. This method was proved to be fast and efficient.