Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)is a kind of widespread human pathogen in the world. The emergence of HIVs resulted from multiple transmissions and diversification of SIV from nonhuman primates to humans. In this paper, the findings on the transmission of immunodeficiency virus from Chimpanzees to humans and the adaptive evolution in the new host are reviewed, and the significance for science and public health is discussed.

Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; methods ; Terminology as Topic ; Translating

OBJECTIVETo observe the therapeutic effect of a drug pair of Radix Astragali and Rehmanniae Radix combined with glucocorticoid (GC) in treating lupus nephritis (LN) patients and its influence on some experimental indices.

METHODSTotally 52 LN patients were randomly assigned to the treatment group (treated by routine Western medicine and a drug pair of Radix Astragali and Rehmanniae Radix, 25 cases) and the control group (treated by Western medicine, mainly by GC and cyclophosphamide, 27 cases). All patients received 6-month therapy. The GC dosage, the withdrawal and reduction dosage of GC, clinical efficacy, systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index (SLEDAI) score, adverse reactions, and laboratory indicators were recorded.

RESULTS(1) All patients got relieved to some degree with the dosage of GC reduced. The total withdrawal and reduction dosage of GC was slightly higher in the treatment group than in the control group [(50.23 +/- 12.43) mg vs (48.76 +/- 13.61) mg, P > 0.05]. Besides, the prednisone dosage in the treatment group was lower than that in the control group, but without statistical difference (P > 0.05). The ratio of patients in need of adding prednisone for aggravating disease was 24.0%, significantly lower than that in the control group (44.44%, P < 0.05). (2) There was no statistical difference in the SLEDAI score, inflammatory indicators, liver and renal functions, blood electrolytes, blood glucose, blood and urine routines between the two groups (P > 0.05). The 24-h urinary protein count was (1.06 +/- 0.22) g/L in the treatment group, obviously lower than that in the control group (1.43 +/- 0.55 g/L, P < 0.05). (3) There was no statistical difference in the incidence rate of infection, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, psychoneuroses, Cushing's syndrome, cardiovascular anomalies, and femoral head necrosis between the two groups (P > 0.05). But the incidence of adverse reactions such as insomnia, tidal fever, spontaneous sweat, and obesity was less in the treatment group than in the control group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSUsing a drug pair of Radix Astragali and Rehmanniae Radix combined with GC in treating LN could withdraw the dosage of GC and relieve symptoms it induced. It was advantageous in reducing the dosage of GC and stabilizing patients' conditions.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Glucocorticoids ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Lupus Nephritis ; drug therapy ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult

Objective To establish a national antibacterial resistance surveillance network and explore the epidemiology of bacterial resistance in China. Methods The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) standard agar double dilution method. The susceptibility and resistance rates of drugs were calculated according to the criteria in guidelines of NCCLS (2004). Results According to the previous protocol, a total of 4 075 pathogenic strains isolated from 17 hospitals located at 15 different cities from October 1, 2004 to September 30, 2005 in China were collected and the MICs were detected. Gram-negative bacilli were 3 150 strains ( 77.3%). Enterobacteriaceae Were highly susceptible to Carbapenems. In addition, Moxalactam, Piperacillin/Tazobactam, Cefoperazone/Sulbactam and Cefepime were also exhibited good antibacterial activities against Enterobacteriaceae,the resistance rates of them were less than 10 %. The resistance rates of nonfermentative Gramnegative bacilli, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumanii, to Imipenem were 10. 6 % and 10.4 % , respectively. Cefoperazone/Sulbactam, Piperacillin/Tazobactam and Fluoroquinolones also showed good activity against nonfermentative Gram-negative bacilli.Conclusions The drug resistance rates of Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter baumanii increase obviously. Fluoroquinolones and Aminoglycosides are not very effective against Enterobacteriaceae,which should be paid more attention.

Adult ; Bone Neoplasms ; pathology ; surgery ; Femur Neck ; pathology ; Humans ; Male ; Osteochondroma ; pathology ; surgery

objective To investigate the ability of insulin sensitivity index HOMA2-%S and secretion function index HOMA2-%B calculated by HOMA2,the new homeostasis model assessment,in clinical application. Methods Eighty female volunteers with polycystic ovary syndrome in Chongqing area [50 subjects with normal glucose tolerance(NGT group)and 30 subjects with impaired glucose regulation(IGR group)]were involved in this study.Thev underwent a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test(OGTF)and the Botnia clamp test. From the data of faming blood samples in OGTF,insulin sensitivity index HOMAI-ISI,secretion function index HOMAl-β and disposal index DI-HOMA1 were calculated by the old homeostasis model assessment(HOMA I),meanwhile insulin sensitivity index HOMA2-%S,secretion function index HOMA2-%B and disposal index(DI-HOMA2) were caleulated by the new homeostasis model assessment (HOMA2).Correlation coefficients between insulin sensitivity index and GIR (the glucose infusion rate at steady state of Botnia clamp test),and between insulin secretion function index and AIR(the acute insulin response in Botnia clamp test),were studied.Results The Pearson's linear correlation coefficient between HOMA2-%S and GIR(r=0.503),HOMA1-ISI and HOMA2-%S (r= 0.990).HOMA2-%B and AIR(r=0.382),HOMA1-B and HOMA2-%B(r=0.976) were all statistically significant(a11 P<0.01).The glucose disposal indexes calculated from the HOMA2 and HOMA1 of 1GR group were significantly lower than those from the NGT group(t=2.825,P<0.Ol;t=2.222,P<0.05). Conclusion The HOMA2 is a better model in evaluating the insulin sensitivity and secretion function and is recommended to be widely used in clinical evaluation.

The expression of sLea/x which correlates with conventional histopathologic parameters serves as a useful indicator for the prognosis of metastatic disease. The bindings between sLea/x and their common ligand E-selectin initiate hematogenous metastasis of cancer. Certain bioactive conformation is crucial for the interaction between sLea/x and their ligands. Thus, a new class of compounds that mimic the structures of sLea/x can potently inhibit not only their functional bindings to selectins, but also the metastasis of cancer. This review is mainly on the sLea/x molecular structure,biosynthesis,distribution, especially the relationship between sLea/x and hematogenous metastasis of cancer and the design of drugs that mimic the structures of sLea/x.

Aim: To establish an analytical method for the simultaneous determination of norfloxacin,ofloxacin,pefloxacin,ciprofloxacin,lomefloxacin,danofloxacin,enrofloxacin,sarafloxacin and difloxacin in eggs using solid-phase extraction-LC-MS/MS.Methods: Egg samples were deproteinized with acetonitrile,followed by defatting with hexane.Then the samples were processed by solid-phase extraction and analyzed by LC-MS/MS using an electrospray source.The separation was carried out on a Shimadzu Shim-pack VP-ODS C_(18) column,with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-0.1% formic acid(13: 87).Results: The validated method was proved to be of high specificity,accuracy and sensitivity.Conclusion: The established method is suitable for the routine residual monitoring of fluoroquinolones.

To providing evidence about nitrogen adequate application of Platycodon grandiflorum, the pot culture experiment was conducted to study the effect of nitrogen on the growth, physiological metabolism and the quality of P. grandiflorum. The activity of NR, GS and SOD, POD and CAT were determined. And the nitrate and ammonium nitrogen content, photosynthetic characteristics, active components of P. grandiflorum were determined. The results showed that the nitrate nitrogen content and P. biomass reached its maximum value, when NH4(+)-N/NO3(-) -N was 0: 100, the activity of NR. The activity of GS was the highest at the NH4(+) -N/NO3(-) -N ratio of 25:75 and ammonium nitrogen content was the highest at 75:25. The activity of SOD decreased and then increased with the increasing of NO3(-) -N. At the NH4(+) -N/NO3(-) -N ratio of 25: 75, the activity of CAT had its maximum value and the content of MDA had the minimum value. At the same time, the content of platycodon D was the highest at this treatment. The studies had shown that different nitrogen forms and ratio had a significant effect on the characteristics of photosynthetic physiology, nitrogen metabolism and resistance adjustment, growth and the quality of P. grandiflorum. The NH4(+) -N/NO3(-) -N ratio of 25: 75 was a suitable ratio of nitrogen forms for the growth of P. Grandiflorum and accumulating the content of platycodon D.
Ammonium Compounds ; metabolism ; Biomass ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; metabolism ; Nitrates ; metabolism ; Photosynthesis ; Plant Leaves ; chemistry ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Platycodon ; chemistry ; growth & development ; metabolism