Medical art are essential in consumer health education,facilitating consumers to un-derstand medical concepts,invisible body parts and complex pathology. This paper reviewed the origin and development medical arts,analyzed the characteristics of medical arts specific for consumers rather than professionals,and discussed the opportunities and challenges of medical arts in internet era.

Objective To investigate the average serum level and risk factors of serum cystatin C in Chinese healthy adults.Methods A total of 15 918 healthy adults who received health assessments in Peking Union Medical College Hospital during January 2012 and March 2013 were enrolled in this crosssection study.Serum cystatin C was measured.Estimated glomerular filtration rate was calculated by creatinine (eGFRcr).Multivariable linear regression analysis was used to assess factors that contribute to cystatin C variability.Results The mean serum cystatin C level was (0.79 ±0.14) mg/L (95％ reference interval (RI) was 0.56-1.08 mg/L).Male showed significantly higher cystatin C level than female (mean (0.84 ±0.13) vs (0.73 ±0.13) mg/L; RI 0.64-1.11 mg/L and 0.54-1.03 mg/L,respectively; P=0.000).Differences between genders are still significant after subgrouped by age.In the young-age group (age≤44 years old),the mean serum cystatin C level was (0.81 ±0.11)mg/L in male and (0.68 ±0.09)mg/L in female,P =0.000.In the middle-age group (45-59 years old),the mean cystatin C level was (0.85 ±0.12) mg/L in male and (0.75 ±0.12) mg/L in female,P =0.000.In the elderly group (≥60 yrs),the mean serum cystatin C level was (0.97 ±0.18) mg/L in male and (0.89 ±0.19) mg/L in female,P =0.000.Serum cystain C was increased with ages (in male:r =0.274,P =0.000 ; in femal,r =0.470,P =0.000).Differences between each two age groups are all significant for both gender,P =0.000.Cystatin C level in male is respectively (0.81 ±0.ll)mg/L,(0.85 ±0.12) mg/L and (0.97 ± 0.18) mg/L in the young-age,middle-age and elderly group.Cystatin C level in female is respectively (0.68 ±0.09) mg/L,(0.75 ±0.12) mg/L and (0.89 ±0.19) mg/L in the young-age,middle-age and elderly group.Male gender,older age,lower body weight,lower eGFRcr,lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,lower fasting blood glucose,increased mean blood pressure,higher body mass index and triglyceride were significantly associated with increased serum cystatin C level.Body weight,total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were not risk factors of cystatin C.Conclusion Serum cystatin C level may be influenced by gender,age and other factors in Chinese healthy adults.

Objective To investigate the effects of distraction on tourniquet pain in healthy subjects .Methods Tourniquet pain was induced by the tourniquet at continuous pressure of 200 mm Hg for 10 min .20 healthy college students were asked to perform two distraction tasks during the pressure ,one of which is pictorial dot-probe task with three kinds of emotional pictures ,the other is word dot-probe task with five kinds of pain-related words ,and a control task ,in which no distraction task was performed .The pain intensity ,pain distress were recorded by Visual Rating Scale(VRS)and Modified McGill Pain Questionnaire short-form(MPQ-SF) . Results Compared with the control task[(4 .1 ± 1 .8) ,(4 .0 ± 1 .8)] ,the pain intensity and distress were significant lower in picture [(3 .1 ± 1 .3) ,(3 .0 ± 1 .2)]and word[(3 .3 ± 1 .4) ,(3 .4 ± 1 .5)] distraction tasks[(F(2 ,8)=21 .424 ,P<0 .001;F(2 ,8)=17 .962 ,P<0 .001)] .The pain distress in word distraction task (3 .4 ± 1 .5) was higher than that in the pictorial distraction task (3 .0 ± 1 .2) (P<0 .05) .Meanwhile ,for the last four minutes ,the pain intensity was significant lower in pictorial distraction task compared with the control task(P<0 .05) .And at the beginning of the experiment ,the pain distress was significant lower in pictorial[(2 .3 ± 0 .7) , (2 .5 ± 0 .8)]and word[(2 .4 ± 0 .8) ,(2 .9 ± 0 .9)] distraction task compared with the control task [(3 .7 ± 1 .3) ,(4 .0 ± 1 .4)](P<0 .05) .Compared with the control task (5 .0 ± 1 .6) ,the present pain index (PPI) was significant lower in the pictorial distraction task(3 .5 ± 1 .4)(F=5 .097 ,P<0 .05) .Conclusion The tourniquet pain was attenuated by distraction of cognitive tasks in pain in-tensity and pain distress .

Objective: To study the interaction between RET (GDNF receptor) with sucl-bingding neurotrophic target (SNT1) and search for the possible downstream substrates or regulatory proteins of RET, so as to reveal the mechanism of downstream signal transduction of RET. Methods: The RETIC (intracellular domain of RET) was fused to LexA and the product was used as a DNA-binding domain protein. SNT1, SNT1PTB or SNT1ΔPTB (SNT1 without PTB) was separately fused to B42AD and their products were used as an activation domain protein. The cotransformants were tested by β-galactosidase activity analysis and leucine medium growth analysis was used to study the interaction between SNT1 and RET. Results: Interaction between RET and SNT1 or SNT1PTB was found in yeast, but that between SNT1ΔPTB and RET was not observed. Conclusion: It i s confirmed that RET can interact with SNT1 in yeast, and the interaction may be mediated by PTB domain of SNT1.

Objective To evaluate the relationship between thyroid autoantibodies (ATA)and pregnancy outcome of infertility women after assisted reproductive technology (ART). Methods Relevant studies were identified by searching PubMed, Cochrane library, CNKI and CBM. Results 7 studies were appropriate for meta-analyses and total 4165 patiens were included. Meta analysis shows that the pregnancy rate difference between ATA positive patients and controls have no significance, but the miscarriage rate is greater significant between them. In the meta-analyses, the presence of thyroid antibodies was associated with an increased risk of miscarriage (OR 1.85, 95%CI 1.32~2.59), compared with the absence of thyroid antibodies. Conclusion Pregnant women with thyroid antibodies have an increased risk of complications, especially miscarriage. Future research,should focus on the treatment and thyroid disease on pregnancy outcome.

[Summary] In recent years , ultrasound guidance has been widely used in local anesthesia , particularly in peripheral nerve blockage .Ultrasound guided neuraxial blockage is also making progress .Previous studies have shown that pre-puncture ultrasound scanning could provide useful information on the correct intervertebral interspace , the midline of the spine , the optimal puncture point , the appropriate angle for needle insertion , and the distance from skin to the spinal canal .In this review, the ultrasonographic techniques and image analysis , as well as its clinical use , including pre-puncture scanning and real-time guidance for spinal and epidural anesthesia , were summarized .

Recent studies show that autophagy ont only plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis in cells,but also palys a double role in the tumorigenesis and development of cancer.Studying the molecular mechanisms of autophagy and the relationship between autophagy and cancer have great significance for cancer treatment and prevention.

As an important postsurgical adjuvant treatment for DTC, radioactive iodine (RAI) is administered to eliminate residual thyroid tissue as well as the potentially persistent or distant metastatic lesions.It plays a significant role in reducing disease recurrence and tumor-related mortality.The major challenge at present in RAI treatment decision-making is how to achieve optimum clinical outcome with minimal radiation exposure.ATA guidelines recommends a postsurgical recurrence-risk adapted approach to RAI treatment management based on the clinicopathological features.However, RAI therapy is not beneficial to all DTC patients.The potential benefits from RAI therapy in DTC patients with different risk stratification have attracted much attention, and are reviewed in this article in order to provide more evidence-based basis for clinical decision-making.

The skin organ model can be cultrured in ways of organ culture and organotypic raft culture It can be used in skin transplantation,pharmacy or investigate the mechanism of pigmentation. Though there are many ways in culturing skin organ model,how to further improve technology to produce more similar to human's skin organ,and put it in treating dermatosis still needs further exploring. The model of skin organ provides a good platform for new drug development,toxicology experiment and physiological function research. Some tissues engineering skin products have been approved by Food and Drug Administration in America for clinical use. It is believed that following the development of tissue engineering and relative subjects,skin organ culture model in vitro will become one of the effective means on dermatosis study.

SUMMARY A patient with previous L3 -4 posterior lumbar interbody fusion,pedicle screws instrumen-tation and L3 -4 decompression,was scheduled for left total hip arthroplasty.Two years ago,due to poor landmarks palpation,the patient experienced a failed lumbar puncture after multiple attempts before her-niorrhaphy.His plain radiography showed bilateral partial laminectomy at L3 -4 level,and between L3 and L4,two posterior pedicle screws connected by metal rods on both sides.This time,we used ultra-sound to locate L4 -5 interlaminar space in paramedian sagittal oblique view and identified the spine midline by transverse interlaminar view before puncture.According to this information,L4 -5 puncture point was verified and the combined spinal-epidural anesthesia was performed in a paramedian approach. After withdrawing clear cerebral spinal fluid,15 mg hyperbaric bupivicaine was injected into intrathecal space.An epidural catheter was then inserted into the epidural space.The sensory block level was fixed at T10 to S within 10 minutes.Intraoperatively,the patient received 10 mL 2% (mass fraction)lido-caine through the epidural catheter in total.The surgery was uneventful.No neurologic complication was observed after the surgery.This case report demonstrates that ultRASound imaging can provide useful in-formation for neuraxial needle placement and can be a valuable tool in managing patients with anatomical change around the spine.