Medical art are essential in consumer health education,facilitating consumers to un-derstand medical concepts,invisible body parts and complex pathology. This paper reviewed the origin and development medical arts,analyzed the characteristics of medical arts specific for consumers rather than professionals,and discussed the opportunities and challenges of medical arts in internet era.

Objective To investigate the average serum level and risk factors of serum cystatin C in Chinese healthy adults.Methods A total of 15 918 healthy adults who received health assessments in Peking Union Medical College Hospital during January 2012 and March 2013 were enrolled in this crosssection study.Serum cystatin C was measured.Estimated glomerular filtration rate was calculated by creatinine (eGFRcr).Multivariable linear regression analysis was used to assess factors that contribute to cystatin C variability.Results The mean serum cystatin C level was (0.79 ±0.14) mg/L (95％ reference interval (RI) was 0.56-1.08 mg/L).Male showed significantly higher cystatin C level than female (mean (0.84 ±0.13) vs (0.73 ±0.13) mg/L; RI 0.64-1.11 mg/L and 0.54-1.03 mg/L,respectively; P=0.000).Differences between genders are still significant after subgrouped by age.In the young-age group (age≤44 years old),the mean serum cystatin C level was (0.81 ±0.11)mg/L in male and (0.68 ±0.09)mg/L in female,P =0.000.In the middle-age group (45-59 years old),the mean cystatin C level was (0.85 ±0.12) mg/L in male and (0.75 ±0.12) mg/L in female,P =0.000.In the elderly group (≥60 yrs),the mean serum cystatin C level was (0.97 ±0.18) mg/L in male and (0.89 ±0.19) mg/L in female,P =0.000.Serum cystain C was increased with ages (in male:r =0.274,P =0.000 ; in femal,r =0.470,P =0.000).Differences between each two age groups are all significant for both gender,P =0.000.Cystatin C level in male is respectively (0.81 ±0.ll)mg/L,(0.85 ±0.12) mg/L and (0.97 ± 0.18) mg/L in the young-age,middle-age and elderly group.Cystatin C level in female is respectively (0.68 ±0.09) mg/L,(0.75 ±0.12) mg/L and (0.89 ±0.19) mg/L in the young-age,middle-age and elderly group.Male gender,older age,lower body weight,lower eGFRcr,lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,lower fasting blood glucose,increased mean blood pressure,higher body mass index and triglyceride were significantly associated with increased serum cystatin C level.Body weight,total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were not risk factors of cystatin C.Conclusion Serum cystatin C level may be influenced by gender,age and other factors in Chinese healthy adults.

Recent studies show that autophagy ont only plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis in cells,but also palys a double role in the tumorigenesis and development of cancer.Studying the molecular mechanisms of autophagy and the relationship between autophagy and cancer have great significance for cancer treatment and prevention.

Objective To evaluate the relationship between thyroid autoantibodies (ATA)and pregnancy outcome of infertility women after assisted reproductive technology (ART). Methods Relevant studies were identified by searching PubMed, Cochrane library, CNKI and CBM. Results 7 studies were appropriate for meta-analyses and total 4165 patiens were included. Meta analysis shows that the pregnancy rate difference between ATA positive patients and controls have no significance, but the miscarriage rate is greater significant between them. In the meta-analyses, the presence of thyroid antibodies was associated with an increased risk of miscarriage (OR 1.85, 95%CI 1.32~2.59), compared with the absence of thyroid antibodies. Conclusion Pregnant women with thyroid antibodies have an increased risk of complications, especially miscarriage. Future research,should focus on the treatment and thyroid disease on pregnancy outcome.

The skin organ model can be cultrured in ways of organ culture and organotypic raft culture It can be used in skin transplantation,pharmacy or investigate the mechanism of pigmentation. Though there are many ways in culturing skin organ model,how to further improve technology to produce more similar to human's skin organ,and put it in treating dermatosis still needs further exploring. The model of skin organ provides a good platform for new drug development,toxicology experiment and physiological function research. Some tissues engineering skin products have been approved by Food and Drug Administration in America for clinical use. It is believed that following the development of tissue engineering and relative subjects,skin organ culture model in vitro will become one of the effective means on dermatosis study.

As an important postsurgical adjuvant treatment for DTC, radioactive iodine (RAI) is administered to eliminate residual thyroid tissue as well as the potentially persistent or distant metastatic lesions.It plays a significant role in reducing disease recurrence and tumor-related mortality.The major challenge at present in RAI treatment decision-making is how to achieve optimum clinical outcome with minimal radiation exposure.ATA guidelines recommends a postsurgical recurrence-risk adapted approach to RAI treatment management based on the clinicopathological features.However, RAI therapy is not beneficial to all DTC patients.The potential benefits from RAI therapy in DTC patients with different risk stratification have attracted much attention, and are reviewed in this article in order to provide more evidence-based basis for clinical decision-making.

Human umbilical cord (UC) has been attracting increasing research effort in recent years.Since UC is a postnatal organ discarded after birth,the collection of its cells is non-invasive and raises no ethical con-cerns.Human umbilical cord provides large amount of mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs) which hold unlimited ca-pability of proliferation and great potential of differentiation and. MSCs have stable biological properties and low-er immunogenicity and can function well after amplifications.Studies have demonstrated that MSCs have the po-tential of inhibiting inflammatory response, generation of fibrosis, apoptosis and stimulating regeneration of hepa-tocytes.Therefore, UCMSCs could be an ideal cell source for the therapy of liver diseases.

Background choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is the common reason of visual acuity impairment in high myopia patients,which usually leads to irreversible central visual impairment.Objective This study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of conbercept intravitreal injection for CNV in high myopia.Methods Fifteen high myopia patients with macular CNV diagnosed by OCT and fluorescein fundus angiography (FFA) from July 2014 to July 2015 were retrospectively analyzed.All patients were performed with intravitreal injection of conbercept 0.5 mg (0.05 ml).The best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central macular thickness (CMT) were examined 1 day,l week,4,8 and 12 weeks after injection.The ocular and systemic complications relating to drug were also observed.Results Fifteen eyes of 15 patients totally received 45 times of conbercept intravitreal injection.Among the total,1 eye only received 1 time of treatment,2 eyes received 2 times of treatment,12 eyes received 3 times of treatment and 1 eye received 4 times of treatments.After 12 weeks of treatment,FFA showed that fluorescein leakage disappeared in 10 eyes;fluorescein leakage area decreased in 4 eyes;fluorescein leakage was continued in 1 eye.The BCVA before treatment and at 4,8 and 12 weeks after treatment were 0.61 ±0.46,0.60±0.43,0.41±0.53 and 0.41±0.51,with significant difference among them (F=7.862,P＜0.001).The CMT before treatment and at 4,8 and 12 weeks after treatment were (280.33±14.40),(269.00±10.10),(261.93±7.80) and (259.53±6.30) μm respectively,with significant difference among them (F =32.520,P＜0.001).None of the patients conducted anterior chamber puncture because of elevated intraocular pressure,and no intraocular inflammation,vitreous hemorrhage,retinal detachment and cardiovascular disease or other serious complications occurred.Conclusions Intravitreal injection of conbercept can relieve macular edema and improve the vision.It is an effective method for the treatment of CNV associated with high myopia,but long-term follow-up observation still need to perform.

SUMMARY A patient with previous L3 -4 posterior lumbar interbody fusion,pedicle screws instrumen-tation and L3 -4 decompression,was scheduled for left total hip arthroplasty.Two years ago,due to poor landmarks palpation,the patient experienced a failed lumbar puncture after multiple attempts before her-niorrhaphy.His plain radiography showed bilateral partial laminectomy at L3 -4 level,and between L3 and L4,two posterior pedicle screws connected by metal rods on both sides.This time,we used ultra-sound to locate L4 -5 interlaminar space in paramedian sagittal oblique view and identified the spine midline by transverse interlaminar view before puncture.According to this information,L4 -5 puncture point was verified and the combined spinal-epidural anesthesia was performed in a paramedian approach. After withdrawing clear cerebral spinal fluid,15 mg hyperbaric bupivicaine was injected into intrathecal space.An epidural catheter was then inserted into the epidural space.The sensory block level was fixed at T10 to S within 10 minutes.Intraoperatively,the patient received 10 mL 2% (mass fraction)lido-caine through the epidural catheter in total.The surgery was uneventful.No neurologic complication was observed after the surgery.This case report demonstrates that ultRASound imaging can provide useful in-formation for neuraxial needle placement and can be a valuable tool in managing patients with anatomical change around the spine.

[Summary] In recent years , ultrasound guidance has been widely used in local anesthesia , particularly in peripheral nerve blockage .Ultrasound guided neuraxial blockage is also making progress .Previous studies have shown that pre-puncture ultrasound scanning could provide useful information on the correct intervertebral interspace , the midline of the spine , the optimal puncture point , the appropriate angle for needle insertion , and the distance from skin to the spinal canal .In this review, the ultrasonographic techniques and image analysis , as well as its clinical use , including pre-puncture scanning and real-time guidance for spinal and epidural anesthesia , were summarized .