No abstract available.
Condoms* ; Humans ; Intention* ; Sex Education*

No abstract available.
Hormone Replacement Therapy*

No abstract available.
Thyroid Diseases* ; Thyroid Gland*

Authors were observing a case of infection with Thelazia callipaeda in Korean girl, on 11th Sep. in 1971. The case was 23 years old Korean girl who visited with the complaints of foreign body sensation and lacrimation in right eye. The worm had slender creamy white which was fixed in 10 percent formaline solution. The worm is 10.5mm in length, 0.5mm in body diameter. The oral end in provided with a chitinoid capsule. Esophagus moderately short, tail blunt, poserior extremity had a distinctly recurved. Spicules dissimilar, left spicule is 0.1mm in length, and right spicule is 0.08 mm in length.
parasitology-helminth-nematoda-Thelazia callipaeda ; case report

The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability of Q-sorting and to develope a typology of coping to stress in school-age children through the use of Q-methodology. For the study, Q-statements are selected from the literature and interviews of 30 Children, A total number 153 statement were collected and 31 Q-samples were finally selected. A P-sample of 76 was selected the elementary school children. Each of respondents were given 31 coping strategies questionnaire and set of 31 statements with cartoon on each of cards and sorted them according to the 9-point scale. The result of the Q-sorting by each subject were coded and analyzed using the QUANAL PC and SPSS PC+program. As a result of the analysis, There were significant relationship between score each item of questionaire and score of sorted statement. Therefore, school-age children was able to Q-sorting(forced normal distribution). Also, the four types of coping were named as follows: Type I(n=35): To search for the dynamic behaviors Type II(n=12): To search for the intellectual behaviors Type III(n=22): To search for emotional-spiritual behaviors Type IV(n=7): To search for the self-abuse behaviors. Thought the study, the implication for teachers, parents and school nurses is that there is needed to guide and to support adaptive coping behaviors. Also, it is recommended that the application of Q-methodology for study of children's subjective concepts like stress and coping.
Adaptation, Psychological ; Child* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Humans ; Parents ; Q-Sort ; Child Health

No abstract available.
Hormone Replacement Therapy* ; Women's Health*

No abstract available.
Hormone Replacement Therapy* ; Women's Health*

BACKGROUND: The present study was performed in order to identify the possible future location of the Department of Emergency Medicine and future demand for and supply of manpower through a survey of the heads of Kwangju City and Chollanam-do hospitals. The survey covered the degrees of recognition and understanding, the necessity, the future prospects, and the direction of development of the Department of Emergency Medicine. METHODS: A total of 33 large-scale general hospitals were selected in county districts having more than 200 sickbeds as of November 1999. Among them, the heads of 29 hospitals responded to the survey. The survey had a total of 31 questions, including 6 questions on the status of the emergency room. Six(6) questions concerned the degree of recognition of the Department of Emergency Medicine. Six(6) questions concerned the degree of understanding of the Department of Emergency Medicine. Six(6) questions concerned the necessity for the Department of Emergency Medicine, and 7 questions concerned the future prospects and direction of development. The results of the survey were analyzed. RESULTS: 1) As to the question of the degree of recognition, the Department of Emergency Medicine was known to all. That is, 50% of the respondents were well aware of the department, and 50% a little. Nineteen(19) respondents(65%) answered that it was convenient to have the Department of Emergency Medicine in a university hospital, among which 16 respondents(55%) answered that it was because of the rapid treatment of emergency patients. 2) As to the question of the degree of understanding, particularly, the areas of medical examination and treatment by the Department of Emergency Medicine, 15 respondents answered that it was for the treatment of patients who needed to receive emergency treatment, while 12 respondents answered that it was for the diagnosis and treatment of all patients who visited the emergency room. Only 7 respondents(24%) answered positively as to the possibility of the Department of Emergency Medicine using thrombolysis medicine. 3) All except for one respondent had a positive view on the necessity for the Department of Emergency Medicine, and all except for 3 respondents wanted to have specialized doctors in emergency medicine work at the corresponding hospital. As to the type of schedule, 10 hospitals(34%) wanted to have only night shifts, and 11 hospitals(38%) wanted to have both day and night shifts. Most hospitals, needed two or more workers in the field. 4) As to the question of the direction of development, many respondents were of the opinion that the hiring of specialized doctors in emergency medicine would not be of greatly help to the finances of the hospital due to increased labor costs. It seems that improvement of the medical system to improve hospital financing is a required prerequisite for the development of the Department of Emergency Medicine. Also, 21 respondents(83%) were of the opinion that it would take a considerable amount of time to activate the Department of Emergency Medicine with respect to the future prospects of the department. CONCLUSION: It was shown in the present survey that the heads of hospitals in Kwangju City and Chollanam-do recognized the Department of Emergency Medicine in a positive way, but it was necessary to establish both a delivery system for emergency medicine and collaboration with and support by other medical areas for its future development. It was estimated that in the future, more than 55 doctors specializing in emergency medicine would be needed as medical manpower for the general hospitals in the districts.
Appointments and Schedules ; Cooperative Behavior ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Diagnosis ; Emergencies* ; Emergency Medicine* ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Emergency Treatment ; Gwangju* ; Head ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Jeollanam-do*

Ischemia causes tissue necrosis in a wide variety of pathologic conditions. Permanent deprivation of blood flow is lethal to any tissue and the prudent therapy for ischemia unquestionably is reperfusion. While reperfusion is necessary to reverse the progression towards ischemic death, reperfusion is also thought to be accompanied by its own component of injury. Oxygen free radicals, formed during ischemia/reperfusion, have been proposed as one of the main causes of reperfusion injury. Free radical attacks on biological membrane, such as mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, and can lead to the oxidative destruction of the polyunsaturated fatty acids of the membranes through lipid peroxidation. However, direct association between microsomal lipid peroxidation in vivo after ischemia/reperfusion and changes in secretory function and drug metabolism on the liver have not been established. Therefore, present study was performed to evaluate the hepatic secretory function and the hepatic microsomal drug metabolizing enzyme activity after ischemia/reperfusion preparation in rat liver. Further, the effect of oxygen free radical scavengers was investigated. The animals were divided into sham operation group and ischemia/reperfusion group. The ischemia/reperfusion group was subdivided into non-treated control and treated (with superoxide dismutase, allopurinol, alpha-tocopherol, deferoxamine) groups. Hepatic ischemia was produced by clamping the left branches of portal vein and hepatic artery, resulting in complete ischemia to the median and left lobes while the right lobes remained per Fused to prevent intestinal congestion. Reperfusion was permitted by declamping after 1 hour. After 1 or 5 hours of reperfusion, bile was collected, blood was obtained from abdominal aorta, and liver microsomes were isolated. The results are as follows. Serum aminotransferase was increased 15~20 times by ischemia/reperfusion. However, this increase was attenuated by free radical scavengers, especially 5 hours of reperfusion. The wet weight-to-dry weight ratio of the liver was significantly increased by ischemia/reperfusion. alpha-tocopherol pretreatment minimized the increase of ratio. Malondialdehyde level in the liver microsomal fraction was significantly increased after ischemia/reperfusion, but this increase was attenuated by scavenger pretreatment, especially alpha-tocopherol. Bile flow and cholate output but not the bilirubin output, were decreased after ischemia/reperfusion. The free radical scavenger pretreahnent restored the secretion significantly. Cytochrome P-450 content was significantly decreased after ischemia/reperfusion and ameliorated by free radical scavenger pretreatment. NADPH cytochrome P-450 reductase activity and aminopyrine N-demethylase activity were also decreased and improved by free radical scavengers pretreatment. These results indicate that ischemia/reperfusion deteriorates the hepatic secretory function as well as hepatic microsomal drug metabolizing enzyme activity, and the oxygen free radical scavengers attenuate the functional changes of the liver induced by ischemia/reperfusion.
Allopurinol ; alpha-Tocopherol ; Aminopyrine N-Demethylase ; Animals ; Aorta, Abdominal ; Bile ; Bilirubin ; Cholates ; Constriction ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System ; Endoplasmic Reticulum ; Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) ; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated ; Free Radical Scavengers ; Free Radicals ; Hepatic Artery ; Ischemia ; Lipid Peroxidation ; Liver ; Malondialdehyde ; Membranes ; Metabolism* ; Microsomes, Liver ; Mitochondria ; NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase ; Necrosis ; Oxygen ; Portal Vein ; Rats* ; Reperfusion ; Reperfusion Injury ; Superoxide Dismutase

Pancreases from 123 human embryos and fetuses ranging from 3 weeks to 40 weeks of gestation age were studied. Thirty four cases were examined by immunohistochemical preparations to investigate the temporal development of the pancreatic islet particularly with reference of its origin, time of appearance and interrelation of various types of islet cells. Following results were made. 1) The endocrine cells and the acinar cells both originated from the primitive pancreatic duct cells. 2) Alpha, beta and delta cells began to appear almost simultaneously at 10 weeks og gestation. A, B and D cells, in decreasing order of frequency, were all found in the entire areas of the pancreas. 3) Four types of fetal islets i.e., preimtive, "homologous", bipolar and mantle, could be recognized during development. The latter 3 types first appeared simultaneously at 17 weeks of gestation. They continued to increase in sized and number throughout the fetal life and constituted permanent islets. 4) Two types of islet cells could be distinguished with routine H&E staining after the second trimester. 5) The size of fetal pancreatic islets were rapidly increased between early (64 micrometer) and mid-term (113 micrometer) (p<0.05). 6) The primitive islets were composed of 37.3% of alpha cells, 41.3% of beta cells and 13.4% of delta cells. At mid-term the mantle islets were composed of 36.4% of alpha cell, 42.7% of beta cell and 25.6% of delta cell. At term beta cell was higher value (52.6%) than alpha cell (29.3%) and delta cell (17.6%) (p<0.05).
Humans