Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Sputum ; chemistry ; Vertigo ; therapy

Quality education and innovative ability cultivation of students are a new position in higher education.Exploring exper- iment was applied in teaching of microbiological experiment for enhancing integrative diathesis and cultivating innovative spirit and ability of students.The practice has been proved that learning fervor of students was increased adequately.Unaided operation abili- ty,integrative analysis ability and innovative idea were enhanced,too.Accordingly,teaching quality of microbiological experiment was improved.

Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) technology combined with cluster analysis method was used to classify 75 batches of crystalline ceftriaxone sodium into subtypes, the crystalline characteristics of each subtype were measured with scanning electron microscope (SEM). By comparing some parameters of these subtypes correlated to crystallization process of ceftriaxone sodium, such as salification rate, water content in different subtypes, as well as by studying different lattice stabilities, different compatibilities with rubber closures during accelerated stability tests, the key point to improve the quality of domestic ceftriaxone sodium was disclosed. The results of this paper indicated that the fine structure of the products could be controlled well by improving the salification and crystallization process. As a result, the subtype II of ceftriaxone sodium with high stability can be produced.
Ceftriaxone ; chemistry ; classification ; Crystallization ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Powders ; Water ; X-Ray Diffraction

AIM To investigate the effects of aqueous extraction at normal temperature,40 ℃,and water boiling on total coumarins extract of Angelicae dahuricae Radix.METHODS For the extracts Ⅰ-Ⅳ obtained by ethanol reflux extraction and three aqueous extraction preprocessing methods,respectively,UV and HPLC were adopted in the content determination of total coumarins and imperatorin,then the powder properties and dissolution rates were compared.RESULTS The contents of total coumarins in four extracts were 3.98％,6.03％,6.81％ and 4.46％,while those of imperatorin were 0.633％,0.540％,0.465％ and 0.155％,respectively.The angles of repose were 48.455°,42.587°,42.689° and 42.024° with the bulk densities of 0.214,0.324,0.316 and 0.354 g/cm3,respectively.Within 100 min,extract Ⅰ demonstrated higher moisture adsorption rate and equilibrium moisture absorption content than the other three extracts.The accumulative dissolution rates of various extracts were much higher than that of medicinal material fine powder within 120 min.CONCLUSION All the three aqueous extraction preprocessing methods can obviously improve the powder properties of total coumarins extract of A.dahuricae Radix and increase the dissolution rate of medicinal material fine powder.

Objective To investigate the effect of particle size on the physicochemical properties, aqueous solubility and physical stability of diosgenin nanosuspensions (DSG-NS). Methods DSG-NS with different particle sizes were prepared using the milling bead with the diameter of 0.5 (DSG-NS0.5) and 1.0 mm (DSG-NS1.0) by media milling method using the combination of Pluronic F127 and sodium dodecyl sulfate as stabilizer, respectively. The DSG-NS were solidified by freeze drying method. The physicochemical properties of DSG-NS were characterized in term of particle distribution, scanning electron microscope, X-Ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The aqueous solubility of DSG-NS with two particle size was compared by equilibrium solubility and dissolution rate. Results The particle sizes of the DSG-NS1.0 and DSG-NS0.5 prepared in this paper were (762.5 ± 18.4) and (342.8 ± 7.3) nm with the polydisperson index (PDI) of 0.435 ± 0.087 and 0.170 ± 0.018, respectively. The re-dispersed freeze drying products had particle sizes of (919.0 ± 27.2) and (458.0 ± 10.3) nm with the polydisperson index of 0.521 ± 0.094 and 0.298 ± 0.021, respectively. Both DSG-NS1.0 and DSG-NS0.5 had an irregular rod-shape or flake without any aggregates. The DSG retained its original crystalline state during the manufacturing process of DSG-NS1.0 and DSG-NS0.5. The solubilities of freeze drying DSG-NS1.0 and DSG-NS0.5 were (5.094 ± 2.083) and (26.121 ± 10.286) μg/mL. The accumulated dissolution rate of freeze drying DSG-NS1.0 and DSG-NS0.5 was 36.1% and 64.9% in 60 min, respectively. The particle size presented significant increase in 10 d for the DSG-NS1.0, whereas it had no change in 30 d for DSG-NS0.5. However, the particle size and distribution of the freeze drying DSG-NS1.0 and DSG-NS0.5 were stable during the storage of 3 month. Conclusion The reduction of particle size had no effect on the changing of morphology and original crystalline state and contributed to the improvement of solubility, dissolution rate and physical stability of DSG-NS.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a sensitive and specific ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandemmass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method for the assay of diosgenin in rat plasma. METHODS: Tanshinone ⅡA was employed as internal standard. Diosgenin was determined after the methanol-mediated plasma protein precipitation. The separation was performed on the Phenomenex kinetex xb C18 column (2.1 mm×50 mm, 2.6 μm) gradiently eluted with the mobile phase consisting of methanol(containing 0.1% formic acid)-0.1% aqueous formic acid. The flow rate was 0.2 mL·min-1, the column temperature was maintained at 40℃, and the injection volume was 5 μL. A triple quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with electrospray ionization source was used as detector in a positive ion mode. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was applied with the transition of m/z 415.2→271.1 and m/z 295.1→249.1 for diosgenin and internal standard, respectively. RESULTS: For diosgenin the standard curve was linear from 10 to 500 ng·mL-1(r=0.998 3), the limit of quantitative limit was 10 ng·mL-1, the intra- and inter-assay variabilities were below 15%, the accuracies were between 96.1% and 102.3%, the average extract recoveries ranged from 73.8% to 75.2%, and the matrix effects was between 85.8% and 91.7%. For the internal standard, the extract recovery and matrix effects were 83.8% and 92.4%, respectively. The rats were administered orally with diosgenin (100 mg·kg-1). The peak concentration of diosgenin was (344.067±34.48) ng·mL-1, the time for peak concentration was (4.167±2.041) h, the half-time was (14.85±10.53) h, and the area under concentration-time curve from zero to 72 h was (4 965.648±1 036.129) μg·h·L-1. CONCLUSION: This assay is specific, simple, sensitive and rapid, which can be applied in the pharmacokinetic study of diosgenin in rats.

AIM To prepare diosgenin nanosuspensions.METHODS The nanosuspensions prepared by media milling method were solidificated by freeze drying method.With particle size and polydispersity index (PDI) as evaluation indices,stabilizer kind,ratio of diosgenin to stabilizer,ratio of preliminary nanosuspension volume to grinding bead amount,milling time,lyoprotectant kind and its amount as influencing factors,single factor test was applied to screening preparation and solidification processes.The morphology of nanosuspensions was observed,then the particle sizes and polydispersity indices of nanosuspensions and freeze-dried powder were determined.RESULTS The optimal conditions were determined to be 6:1 for ratio of diosgenin to Pluronic F127 (stabilizer Ⅰ),50:1 for ratio of diogenin to sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS,stabilizer Ⅱ),1:4 for ratio of preliminary nanosuspension volume to grinding bead amount,120 min for milling time,and 8％ PEG-6000 and 2％ mannitol as lyoprotectants.The average particle size and polydispersity index of rod-like or flaky nanosuspensions were (348.1 ±14.2) nm and 0.244 ± 0.059,respectively,which were lower than those of freeze-dried powder.At room temperature,the particle sizes of nanosuspensions and freeze-dried powder remained stable within 35 d and 3 months,respectively.CONCLUSION The physical stability of diosgenin freeze-dried powder is superior to that of its nanosuspensions,which can be used after being reconstituted.

A high active soybean isoflavone glucoside hydrolase-producing mould strain was isolated from spirit qu. Its optimal hydrolase-producing conditions were as follows: 2.5% wheat bran as carbon source, 1% NaNO3 as nitrogen source, initial pH7. 0, culture medium volume 40mL/250mL, inoculating quantity 8% , culture temperature 30℃, revolutions 160r/min and culture time 84h. The enzyme activity reached 82 U/mL. Cu2+ can inhibit Absidia sp. R strain from producing the hydrolase, the influence of other metal ions was not remarkable on it.

ObjectiveTo explore the effect of metalloproteinases (MMPs) inhibitor on expression of MMP-3 in degenerated lumbar intervertebral disc.MethodsThe animal model of degenerated lumbar intervertebral disc was established with rats. The 32 rats were randomly divided into the experimental group and control group with 16 animals in each group. From the fourth week after operation, the animals of the experimental group were injected with tetracycline 25 mg per day, those of the control group with saline. Two weeks late, the tissue of degenerated lumbar intervertebral disc was taken and the expression of MMP-3 was tested by immumohistochemistry and Western-bloting.ResultsThe expression of MMP-3 in the experimental group decreased and significantly different from the control group ( P<0.05).ConclusionMMPs inhibitor can decrease expression of MMP-3 in degenerated lumbar intervertebral disc.

OBJECTIVETo study the content of mineral elements and the principal components in Gastrodia elata.

METHODMineral elements were determined by ICP and the data was analyzed by SPSS.

RESULTK element has the highest content-and the average content was 15.31 g x kg(-1). The average content of N element was 8.99 g x kg(-1), followed by K element. The coefficient of variation of K and N was small, but the Mn was the biggest with 51.39%. The highly significant positive correlation was found among N, P and K . Three principal components were selected by principal components analysis to evaluate the quality of G. elata. P, B, N, K, Cu, Mn, Fe and Mg were the characteristic elements of G. elata.

CONCLUSIONThe content of K and N elements was higher and relatively stable. The variation of Mn content was biggest. The quality of G. elata in Guizhou and Yunnan was better from the perspective of mineral elements.