Objective To evaluate the efficacy of gentamicin solution in transurethral ureteroscopic lithotripsy to prevent postop- erative infection.Methods Prospective clinical randomized control study was conducted.From July 2003 to June 2006,116 ca- ses of ureteral stones at high risk of postoperative infection were randomized into control group or gentamicin group.Patients in gentamicin group received gentamicin solution for washing in the operation.All the patients undergoing operation were followed up for 2 weeks after operation.Diagnosis of postoperative infection was based on clinical manifestations.Results A total of 109 patients received operation in all the 116 cases,including 58 cases in gentamicin group and 51 cases in control group.Thirteen cases of postoperative infection were identified in all the patients receiving operation (11.93%),3 cases in gentamicin group and 10 in control group.The incidence of postoperative infection was significantly different between the two groups (X~2= 5.3342,P=0.0209).Eight cases had positive bacterial culture.Of the microbiological isolates,2 were gram-positive bacteria, 5 gram-negative bacteria and 1 Candida albicans.Conclusions The most common pathogen causing postoperative infection after transurethral ureteroscopic lithotripsy is gram-negative bacteria.The use of gentamicin solution for washing in the operation can reduce the incidence of postoperative infection.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease that seriously harms human health and wellbeing. Given its atypical clinical manifestations, TB is hard to be diagnosed in clinical settings; to date no highly sensitive screening approaches are available. Due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of TB (MDR-TB) and limited options for medications in children, the treatment of TB is even more challenging in pediatric patients. This paper aims to comprehensively review the literature on the recent advances in the research on the epidemiology and clinical manifestations of TB, on TB diagnostic approaches (e.g., tuberculin skin test, imaging studies, and laboratory tests), and on TB treatment in children.
Child ; Humans ; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques ; Radiography, Thoracic ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Tuberculin Test ; Tuberculosis ; diagnosis ; therapy

Objective To observe the expression of HER-2 and TOPO-Ⅱα in ovarian epithelial cancer,analyze the correlation between their expression and provide theoretical basis for clinical diagnosis,prognosis and treatment. Methods Expression levels of HER-2 and TOPO- Ⅱα in 10 normal ovarian tissues,20 benign tumors and 58 cases of ovarian epithelial cancers were detected by immunohistochemical method, and their correlations with pathological features were analyzed. Results The positive expression rate of HER-2 in normal ovarian and benign tumor tissues were significantly lower than ovarian epithelial cancers respectively ( 10. 0% , 15.0% VS 46. 6% ;P ＜ 0. 05 ). The positive expression rate of TOPO- Ⅱα in ovarian epithelial cancers was significantly higher than normal and benign epithelial ovarian tumor tissue (53.4% vs 10. 0%, and 15.0%,Ps ＜ 0. 05 ), but we did not find significant difference in the comparison between normal and benign epithelial ovarian tumor tissue ( Ps ＞ 0. 05 ). The expression of HER-2 and TOPO- Ⅱα were significantly correlated with clinical stages, histological differentiation of tumor cells (Ps ＜ 0. 05 ) ,but there were no correlations between the age or histological type. In ovarian cancer tissues, a positive correlation between the expression of HER-2 and TOPO- Ⅱα was observed ( r = 0. 324, P ＜ 0. 05 ) . Conclusion The overexpression of HER-2 and TOPO- Ⅱαplay an important role in ovarian carcinogenesis and development. The expression of HER-2 is positively correlated with TOPO- Ⅱα in ovarian epithelial cancers. Coexpression of the two moleculars may be involved in the development and progression of ovarian epithelial cancer, which should be further studied.

OBJECTIVE: To study the characteristics of pulmonary function in children with pertussis-like coughing caused by different pathogen infections. METHODS: The data on etiology and tidal breathing pulmonary function were collected from 95 hospitalized infants and young children with pertussis-like coughing. The tidal breathing pulmonary function was compared between these children and 67 healthy children. According to the type of pathogen, the children with pertussis-like coughing were classified to 6 groups: pertussis (n=17), viral infection (n=23), tuberculosis infection (n=6), Mycoplasma infection (n=9), other bacterial infection (n=8), and unknown pathogen (n=32). RESULTS: Among the 95 children with pertussis-like coughing, 15 (16%) had mild obstructive ventilatory dysfunction, 30 (32%) had moderate obstructive ventilatory dysfunction, and 22 (23%) had severe obstructive ventilatory dysfunction. Compared with the normal control group, the children with pertussis-like coughing had significant reductions in inspiratory-to-expiratory time ratio, ratio of time to peak tidal expiratory flow to total expiratory time (tPF%tE), and ratio of volume to peak tidal expiratory flow to total expiratory volume (vPF%vE) (P<0.05). The tuberculosis infection and Mycoplasma infection groups had a significantly lower tidal volume than the normal control group (P<0.05). All pathogen infection groups except the tuberculosis infection group had significantly lower tPF%tE and vPF%vE than the normal control group (P<0.05). The pertussis group had significantly lower tPF%tE and vPF%vE than the other infection groups (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Most of children with pertussis-like coughing have abnormal pulmonary functions. The children with Bordetella pertussis infection have the most severe pulmonary function impairment. Tidal breathing pulmonary function test may provide a reference for pathogen analysis of children with pertussis-like coughing.
Child ; Child, Preschool ; Humans ; Infant ; Lung ; Respiration ; Respiratory Function Tests ; Tidal Volume ; Whooping Cough

OBJECTIVETo compare the advantages and disadvantages between exercise challenge test (ECT) and methacholine challenge test (MCT) in the measurement of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), in order to identify a better and safer method to measure AHR.

METHODSForty-seven children with controlled asthma after regular treatment were enrolled. ECT and MCT were performed for each child successively, and sensitivity was obtained through comparison with the golden standard (PD20). The occurrence of bronchospasm symptoms during the two tests was recorded.

RESULTSTaking PD20 as the gold standard, in children with moderate or severe AHR, the sensitivity of MCT (61%) for the measurement of AHR was significantly higher than that of ECT (9%) (P<0.05). The consistency between MCT results and PD20 was relatively high (κ=0.614), while the consistency between ECT results and PD20 was relatively low (κ=0.006). However, in the MCT, the incidence of bronchospasm symptoms was high and positively correlated with the incidence of cough and chest distress (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSMCT has a higher sensitivity for the measurement of AHR, but has a higher incidence of adverse events, compared with ECT in children with controlled asthma after regular treatment.

Adolescent ; Bronchial Hyperreactivity ; diagnosis ; Child ; Exercise Test ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Methacholine Chloride ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVETo observe the effect of montelukast treatment on levels of serum leukotriene B4 and urinary leukotriene E4 in infants with bronchiolitis.

METHODSSeventy-five children who were diagnosed with bronchiolitis between June 2014 and December 2014 were randomly assigned into two groups, one with thirty-eight cases as the montelukast treatment group and another thirty-seven cases as the control group. All of the children were given routine medical treatment. The children in the montelukast treatment group were additionally given montelukast daily (4 mg once a day, for 7 days). The serum leukotriene B4 and urinary leukotriene E4 levels were measured using ELISA before and after treatment. The relationship between serum leukotriene B4 and urinary leukotriene E4 levels was analyzed by Peason correlation analysis.

RESULTSAfter 7 days of treatment, the serum leukotriene B4 and urinary leukotriene E4 levels in the montelukast treatment and control groups were significantly reduced compared with before treatment (P<0.05). The montelukast treatment group showed significantly lower serum leukotriene B4 and urinary leukotriene E4 levels than the control group (P<0.05). The remission time of cough, wheezing and lung wheezes and the length of hospital stay in the montelukast treatment group were significantly shortened compared with the control group (P<0.05). There was a positive correlation between serum leukotriene B4 and urinary leukotriene E4 levels (r=0.723, P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSMontelukast has a reliable clinical curative efficacy for bronchiolitis in infants, possibly by decreasing serum leukotriene D4 and urinary leukotriene E4 levels.

Acetates ; therapeutic use ; Bronchiolitis ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; Humans ; Infant ; Leukotriene B4 ; blood ; Leukotriene E4 ; urine ; Quinolines ; therapeutic use

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of obesity on response to therapy and pulmonary function in children with asthma who receive inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) treatment.

METHODSA total of 129 children with asthma were divided into two groups according to their body mass index: normal weight group (n=64) and obese group (n=65). The asthma control status and pulmonary function were compared between the two groups after one year of ICS treatment. The pulmonary function was expressed as percent forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1%), percent predicted forced vital capacity (FVC%), peak expiratory flow (PEF), peak expiratory flow at 25% of vital capacity (PEF25), and peak expiratory flow at 50% of vital capacity (PEF50). The asthma control status was expressed as complete control rate, partial control rate, and uncontrolled rate. Sixty-eight healthy children were selected as the healthy control group.

RESULTSThere were significant differences in the indices of pulmonary function between the three groups before treatment (P<0.01); the healthy control group had the best values of pulmonary function, while the obese group had the worst values. After 1 year of treatment, the normal weight group showed significantly more improvements in FEV1% and FVC% than the obese group (P<0.01). However, there were no significant differences in improvements in PEF, PEF25, and PEF50 between the two groups. The complete control rate, partial control rate, and uncontrolled rate in the normal weight group were 72%, 19%, and 9%, respectively, while the rates in the obese group were 28%, 51%, and 22%, respectively; the normal weight group had a significantly better asthma control status than the obese group (P<0.01).

CONCLUSIONSThe asthmatic children with obesity have a significantly less improvement in large airway function and a poorer asthma control status after ICS treatment than those with the normal weight.

Administration, Inhalation ; Adrenal Cortex Hormones ; administration & dosage ; Asthma ; drug therapy ; physiopathology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Forced Expiratory Volume ; Humans ; Lung ; physiopathology ; Male ; Obesity ; physiopathology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect and safety of extensively hydrolyzed formula (EHF) in preterm infants.

METHODSA total of 692 preterm infants between January 2007 and December 2016 were enrolled as subjects. According to the feeding pattern, they were divided into EHF group (327 infants) and standard preterm formula (SPF) group (365 infants). A retrospective analysis was performed for their clinical data during hospitalization, including the incidence of feeding intolerance, time to establish full enteral feeding, time to first excretion of meconium, time to complete excretion of meconium, presence or absence of intestinal infection or neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), serum albumin level within 3 weeks after admission, and time to the appearance of skin jaundice and its duration.

RESULTSThere were no significant differences between the two groups in the starting time of breastfeeding, time to first excretion of meconium, time to the appearance of skin jaundice, serum albumin level at weeks 1 and 2 after admission, and time to recovery of birth weight (P>0.05). Compared with the SPF group, the EHF group had significantly lower incidence rates of feeding intolerance, intestinal infection, and NEC and a significantly lower positive rate of stool occult blood test (P<0.05), as well as significantly shorter time to complete excretion of meconium, duration to establish full enteral feeding, duration of jaundice, and length of hospital stay (P<0.05). At week 3 after admission, the EHF group had a significantly higher serum albumin level than the SPF group (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSEHF can reduce the incidence rates of feeding intolerance and NEC in preterm infants, shorten the duration of jaundice, promote defecation, and help them to achieve full enteral feeding early. It has significant advantages over SPF.

Breast Feeding ; Enteral Nutrition ; Enterocolitis, Necrotizing ; prevention & control ; Female ; Humans ; Infant Formula ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Serum Albumin ; analysis

In order to reduce the serious complications associated with invasive mechanical ventilation, non-invasive ventilation (NIV) has increasingly been chosen as the primary ventilation in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). In the last 4 decades, nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) has been as a main, or even the only mode of NIV in preterm infants with RDS. In the recent decade, improvements in sensors and nasal airway interfaces have resulted in the introduction of a variety of other new types of NIV, such as nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV), bi-level positive airway pressure (BiPAP). Subsequent studies have shown that some new modes may be more superior to NCPAP in preterm infants with RDS. In order to further understand the application of various NIV modes, we review literatures about all kinds of NIV as a primary mode of ventilation in preterm infants with RDS.
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Intermittent Positive-Pressure Ventilation ; Noninvasive Ventilation ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn ; therapy

OBJECTIVEThymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) plays an important role in initiating dendritic cell mediated allergic inflammation. This study was designed to examine the effects of inhaled budesonide on TSLP expression in the lung tissues and on the bronchial-pulmonary pathology in asthmatic rats.

METHODSThirty-two female Sprague-Dawley rats were sensitized and challenged with inhaled ovalbumin (OVA) to induce asthma. The asthmatic rats were randomly divided into 2 groups on the 22nd day of OVA challenge: a budesonide treatment group that received inhaled budesonide at 0.32 mg/kg daily for 7 days and an asthma control group that received inhaled 0.9% normal saline for 7 days. TSLP expression in the lung tissues was measured by Western blot and fluorescent-immunohistochemistry 29 and 36 days after OVA challenge. Bronchial-pulmonary pathological changes were evaluated by hematoxylin & eosin and periodic acid-schiff staining.

RESULTSBudesonide treatment alleviated airway inflammation when compared with the asthma control group 29 days after OVA challenge. However, the airway inflammatory reactions were aggravated in the budesonide treatment group 36 days after OVA challenge (7 days after budesonide discontinuance). TSLP expression in the lung tissues was significantly lower in the budesonide treatment group than that in the asthma control group both 29 and 36 days after OVA challenge (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSInhaled budesonide can inhibit the TSLP expression in the lung tissues and alleviate lung inflammatory reactions in asthmatic rats, but there is end-of-dose failure.

Administration, Inhalation ; Animals ; Asthma ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; pathology ; Blotting, Western ; Bronchi ; pathology ; Budesonide ; administration & dosage ; Cytokines ; analysis ; Female ; Immunohistochemistry ; Lung ; pathology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley