Object To study on the genetic diversity and genetic structure of Iphigenia indica Kunth. Methods Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was applied to detect DNA fingerprints of three populations of I. indicafrom Yunnan Province. Results Twenty primers were screened, and a total of 120 DNA fragments were amplified ranging from 0.2-3 kb, among which 71 (59.17%) were polymorphic. The average number of DNA band produced by each primer was 3.55. The Shannon index was (0.199 4) in Ca population, 0.200 7 in Cb population, 0.254 8 in Cc population, respectively; the average value of populations was 0.218 3. The Shannon index was 0.288 6 in species. Nei's genetic identity was 0.930 9 between Ca and Cb, 0.932 7 between Ca and Cc, 0.946 6 between Cb and Cc. G_(st) within population was (0.204 4.) Conclusion For the establishment of protective tactic and measure, and of the standard of good agriculture practice (GAP) growth and heredity breeding, RAPD analysis provides I. indicawith theoretical foundation and basal data.

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Blood-brain barrier is a natural protection for human body. It protects central nervous system from the interruption and damage of xenobiotics. However, it prevents potential drugs aimed at central nervous system, thus becomes an obstruction for the development of central nervous system drugs. The recent development of blood-brain barrier permeability research and several lead optimization strategies to improve blood-brain barrier permeability are reviewed. These structure optimization methods include increasing lipophilicity, reducing hydrogen bond doners, simplifying molecule, increasing rigidity, lowering polar surface area, avoiding acid group, prodrug strategy, modifying into active transporter's substrates, as well as avoiding P-glycoprotein recognized structures.
ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family B, Member 1 ; metabolism ; Biological Transport ; Blood-Brain Barrier ; Central Nervous System ; drug effects ; Central Nervous System Agents ; pharmacokinetics ; Drug Design ; Humans ; Permeability ; Xenobiotics ; adverse effects

Blood-brain barrier is a natural protection for human body. It protects central nervous system from the interruption and damage of xenobiotics. However, it prevents potential drugs aimed at central nervous system, thus becomes an obstruction for the development of central nervous system drugs. The recent development of blood-brain barrier permeability research and several lead optimization strategies to improve blood-brain barrier permeability are reviewed. These structure optimization methods include increasing lipophilicity, reducing hydrogen bond doners, simplifying molecule, increasing rigidity, lowering polar surface area, avoiding acid group, prodrug strategy, modifying into active transporter's substrates, as well as avoiding P-glycoprotein recognized structures.

AIM:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of methazolamide in treating refractory uveitic macular edema.METHODS: Retrospective self-controlled study was designed.A total of 15 patients (20 eyes) with refractory uveitic macular edema which used methazolamide as adjuvant therapy were enrolled in Shanghai First People`s Hospital from January 2015 to June 2016.The changes of central macular thickness (CMT) and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were observed at baseline and 2, 4, 8wk after treatment.We also focused on the incidence of complications and relapse.RESULTS: The CMT was 445.95±154.10μm, 338.83±138.34μm, 251.50±40.20μm, 244.90±35.68μm at baseline, 2, 4 and 8wk after treatment, respectively.The differences among them were statistically significant (F=15.467, P<0.05).The BCVA (log MAR) were 0.40±0.17, 0.28±0.21, 0.19±0.20, 0.18±0.21 at baseline, 2, 4 and 8wk respectively, with a significant difference among them (F=5.208, P<0.05).When the cumulative dose reached to 700mg and 1400mg, no one had methazolamide-related complications;and when it came to 2800mg, 5 patients (33%) had methazolamide-related complication.After the withdrawal of methazolamide 1wk, 1 and 3mo, 3 patients (20%), 5 patients (33%) and 8 patients (53%) relapsed, respectively.CONCLUSION: Methazolamide is beneficial in improving macular edema and vision in 4wk.When the cumulative dose is more than 1400mg, we need pay attention to the complications.After discontinuing methazolamide for 1wk, macular edema relapsed in some patients, and more than half of patients recurred after 3mo.So the patients should be followed closely in 3mo after withdrawal of methazolamide.

Child ; Extraoral Traction Appliances ; Humans ; Molar ; Orthodontic Wires ; Orthodontics, Interceptive ; instrumentation ; Prognosis ; Time Factors ; Tooth Crown ; surgery ; Tooth Eruption, Ectopic ; surgery ; therapy ; Tooth Movement Techniques ; instrumentation ; methods

Objective To observe and classify the structure of the circle of Willis by using magnetic resonance angiographic(MRA)method. Methods A total of 2104 MRA head images from October 2013 to May 2015 in Shenyang Weikang Hospital was retrospective analyzed ,and the structure was classified by anterior circle or posterior circle according to the actual situation of the cerebral basilar artery. Results According to the origin of anterior cerebral artery and whether there was anterior communicating artery or not ,anterior circle was classified into three types:type Ⅰ,type Ⅱ and type Ⅲ. Type Ⅱ was classified into two subtypes,namely,type ⅡR and type ⅡL. Posterior circle,on the basis of whether there was posterior communicating artery or not,was classified into three types,which were type Ⅰ,type Ⅱ and type Ⅲ. According to the origin of posterior cerebral artery,type Ⅰ was classified into four subtypes,including type ⅠB,type ⅠC,type ⅠRC and type ⅠLC;type Ⅱ was classified into eight subtypes,including type ⅡBR,type ⅡBL,type ⅡCR,type ⅡCL,type ⅡRCR,type ⅡRCL,type ⅡLCR and type ⅡLCL;type Ⅲ was classified into four subtypes,including type ⅢB,type ⅢC,type ⅢRC,type ⅢLC. Conclusion There is a correlation among the different types of cerebral basi-lar artery,and each type of artery has their own sources of blood supply and the traits of communication compensation. When the anterior circle and posterior circle were both type Ⅲ,the complete ring structure of cerebral basilar artery,namely the circle of Willis,was formed. The existing rate of the circle of Willis was about 10.7%. Understanding of the differences among the individual types of arteries has great significance to the prevention and treatment of the cerebrovascular disease.

Objective:To evaluate the clinical efficacy of treatment of sudden deafness using hyperbaric oxygenation, and to provide guidance for its treatment. Methods:The studies about sudden deafness treated with hyperbaric oxygenation combined with drug were retrieved in Cochrane Library, PubMed , MEDLINE, Wanfang Database and CNKI up to July 2016.RavMan 5.3 provided by Cochrane was used for Meta-analysis.Results:Thirty-nine studies which were randomized controlled trials (RCTs)were included, a total of 4 599 cases,of which 2 418 cases received hyperbaric oxygenation therapy combined with drug treatment as treatment group and 2 181 cases received drug treatment alone as control group.A total of 36 studies about the comparison of clinical efficacy between treatment group and control group were included in the Meta-analysis, the result showed that treatment group had a significant clinical efficacy than control group(RR:1.26,95%CI:1.22-1.30,P<0.0001).A total of 6 studies about the improvement of the pure tone average(PTA)in the two groups were included in the Meta-analysis, the PTA gain was significant better in hyperbaric oxygenation group(WMD:11.8,95%CI:4.77-18.83,P<0.000 1).A total of 11 studies about the stage of using hyperbaric oxygenation therapy were included in the Meta-analysis, the result suggested that the early use of hyperbaric oxygenation therapy had better effect than the late use of hyperbaric oxygenation (RR:1.42,95%CI:1.31-1.53,P<0.000 01).Conclusion:The clinical efficacy of hyperbaric oxygenation combined with drug therapy is better than drug therapy alone, the PTA gain is significantly improved and the introduction of hyperbaric oxygenation therapy at the earlier stage shows better results.

Cor pulmonale is a common disease. The intervention varies and the effectiveness remains unsatisfactory. The vasodilators have been studied intensively in recent years and their application in treating the disease has been developing quickly. In this paper, the advances of research on the vasodilators in treatment of pulmonary hypertension in the last 5 years is reviewed, the advantages and disadvantages of the drugs presented, and a discussion on the trend of treatment of pulmonary hypertension made.

Objective: To develop a HPLC method for simultaneous determination of catechins (EGC、DC、EGCG、EC、GCG、ECG) and caffeine in tea polyphenols and to quantify seven ingredients in twenty nine batches of tea polyphenols samples from thirteen producers. Methods: The study was achieved using a C 18 column with a methanol water 0.1% formic acid gradient elution system. Results: The peak resolutions of seven ingredients in mixed standards were all above 2; The resolutions in samples were all above 1.5 except EGCG; The average recoveries were 98.56%～100.14%. Conclusion: This method is accurate, stable, reproducible and suitable for quality control of tea polyphenols; the variations of contents are obvious among tea polyphenols samples from different even the same producers.