Vaccination is the primary strategy for the prevention and control of pandemic influenza. Because influenza virus is highly variable across strains, universal influenza vaccines need to be developed to address this problem. This review describes the research progress in conserved epitopes of influenza virus, the advances in the research and development of universal influenza vaccines based on the relatively conserved sequences of NP, M2e, HA2, and headless HA, the mechanisms of cross-protection, and the methods to improve cross-protection.
Animals ; Cross Reactions ; Humans ; Orthomyxoviridae ; immunology ; Species Specificity ; Viral Proteins ; immunology ; Viral Vaccines ; genetics ; immunology

OBJECTIVETo explore the association of CCR5δ32, CCR2-64I and SDFl-3 A gene polymorphisms with HIV-1-infection in Chinese population.

METHODSA meta-analysis was performed to identify case-control studies of CCR5δ32, CCR2-64I and SDFl-3 A polymorphisms from the literatures.

RESULTSFourteen studies of CCR5δ32 were found, involving a total of 1607 cases and 1632 controls. Compared with the wild-type homozygote wt/wt, the pooled odds ratios (95%CI) of wt/mt, mt/mt, and wt/mt+mt/mt genotypes of CCR5δ32 gene polymorphisms were 1.156 (0.808, 1.654), 0.997 (0.198, 5.022), and 1.149 (0.808, 1.634), respectively. Twelve studies of CCR2-64I were identified, including 1415 cases and 1239 controls. Compared with the wild-type homozygote wt/wt, the pooled odds ratios (95%CI) of wt/mt, mt/mt, and wt/mt+mt/mt genotypes of CCR2-64I gene polymorphisms were 1.005 (0.844, 1.197), 1.191 (0.808, 1.754), and 1.028 (0.870, 1.214), respectively. Ten studies of SDFl-3 A were found, involving 1179 cases and 1003 controls. Compared with the wild-type homozygote wt/wt, the pooled odds ratios (95%CI) of wt/mt, mt/mt, and wt/mt + mt/mt genotypes of SDF1-3 A gene polymorphisms were 1.010 (0.830, 1.228), 1.188 (0.860, 1.643), and 1.038 (0.861, 1.250).

CONCLUSIONCCR5δ32, CCR2-64I and SDFl-3 A gene polymorphisms do not show strong correlations to HIV-1-infection in Chinese population. These 3 genes may not have protective effect against HIV-1 infection in Chinese population, suggesting the susceptibility of Chinese population to the infection.

Alleles ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; genetics ; Chemokine CXCL12 ; genetics ; Gene Frequency ; Genotype ; HIV Infections ; genetics ; HIV-1 ; Humans ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Receptors, CCR2 ; genetics ; Receptors, CCR5 ; genetics

The key and crucial step of metabolic engineering during quinic acid biosynthesize using shikimic acid pathway is high expression of quinate 5-dehydrogenase. The gene qa-3 which code quinate 5-dehydrogenase from Neurospora crassa doesn't express in Escherichia coli. By contrast with codon usage in Escherichia coli, there are 27 rare codons in qa-3, including eight AGG/AGA (Arg) and nine GGG (Gly). Two AGG are joined together (called box R) and some GGG codons are relative concentrate (called box G). Along with the secondary structure of mRNA analysed in computer, the free energy of mRNA changes a lot from -374.3 kJ/mol to least -80.5 kJ/mol when some bases in the end of qa-3 were transformed, and moreover, the change of free energy is quite small when only some bases in the box G and box R transformed. After the change of rare codon and optimization of some bases in the end, qa-3 was expression in E. coli and also the enzyme activity of quinate 5-dehydrogenase can be surveyed accurately. All the work above benefit the further research on producing quinic acid engineering bacterium.
Alcohol Oxidoreductases ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Base Sequence ; Codon ; chemistry ; genetics ; Escherichia coli ; genetics ; metabolism ; Hydro-Lyases ; genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Neurospora crassa ; enzymology ; genetics ; RNA, Messenger ; chemistry ; genetics ; Recombinant Proteins ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Shikimic Acid ; metabolism ; Transformation, Bacterial

OBJECTIVECancer is one of the leading causes of death in China. The study aimed to examine the temporal trend of cancer mortality rate during 1989-2008 in urban and rural areas of China.

METHODSThe mortality data of all cancers from 1989 to 2008 from National Cancer Registry database were sorted and checked. Age standardized mortality rates were calculated by the direct methods using the China population of 1982 and World Segi's population. Joinpoint regression was performed to obtain the annual percentage changes (APC) in mortality rates. The top ten cancer sites were calculated and analyzed. The mortality rates were compared with statistics of the United States.

RESULTSFrom 1989 to 2008, the trend of crude cancer mortality increased with an annual percentage change (APC) of 1.0%. After age standardization, the mortality rate was significantly decreased, with an APC of -1.2%. In urban areas, lung cancer was the most common cancer of death, whereas in rural areas, stomach cancer and esophageal cancer remained top cancers of death. Especially, in both urban and rural areas, the mortality of lung cancer was on increase. The mortality rates of stomach and esophageal cancers showed a decrease in urban areas. Compared with the cancer mortality rates of the United States, the Chinese cancer mortality rate in males remained highest. The decreasing trend of cancer mortality in females of China was less obvious than that of the United States.

CONCLUSIONSThe crude mortality rates of cancer in China show an increase whereas the age standardized mortality raters has declined between 1989 and 2008. Cancer is still a major public health issue threatening people's life in China. Effective intervention for cancer control and prevention is needed in the future.

China ; epidemiology ; Esophageal Neoplasms ; mortality ; Female ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; mortality ; Male ; Mortality ; trends ; Neoplasms ; mortality ; Registries ; Rural Population ; Sex Factors ; Stomach Neoplasms ; mortality ; United States ; epidemiology ; Urban Population

OBJECTIVENationwide cancer incidence data were used to analyze the trends of cancer incidence in China in order to provide basic information for making cancer control strategy.

METHODSWe retrieved and re-sorted valid cancer incidence data from the National Central Cancer Registry Database over the 20 year-period 1989-2008. Crude incidence rate and age-standardized incidence rate were calculated for analysis. Annual percent changes in incidence for all cancers combined were estimated using Joinpoint software.

RESULTSThe cancer incidence rate in cancer registration areas was increased from 184.81/10(5) in 1989 to 286.69/10(5) in 2008 (from 209.33/10(5) to 307.04/10(5) in urban and from 176.10/10(5) to 269.57/10(5) in rural areas). Uptrends of crude cancer incidence were shown in both male and female in urban and rural areas over the 20 year-period. After standardized by age, overall incidence rate kept stable with 0.5% annual increase in urban and no change in rural areas. Since 2000, the cancer incidences in both sexes and areas were significantly increased. The incidence increased for most major cancers, especially lung cancer, colorectal cancer, female breast cancer and cervical cancer.

CONCLUSIONSOver the 20 year-period 1989-2008, cancer incidence of most cancers has been increasing by time. The incidences of gastric cancer, liver cancer and esophageal cancer still keep gradually increasing. The incidences of lung cancer, female breast cancer, colorectal cancer and cervical cancer are markedly going up, so that cancer prevention and control should be enhanced. Cancer registration will play an important role on cancer control in China along with the number of registries increasing and data quality improving.

Breast Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; China ; epidemiology ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; Esophageal Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Liver Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; Lung Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; Male ; Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; Registries ; Rural Population ; Stomach Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; Urban Population ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; epidemiology

Objective:Retrospective analysis was conducted on the status of drug profit decreasing and pricing compensation profits increasing after the implementation of drug zero profit policy.The ratio of pricing policy compensation in place and the reform effects were evaluated to provide references for poliey making on implementing drug zero profit policy.Methods:The total usage of western medicine and Chinese patent medicine,the item of medical charging costs and item times before and after the implementation of drug zero profit,the decreasing of drug profits by outpatient and inpatient and the increasing of medical items were selected from hospital information system from 2013 to 2016.Results:From 2013 to 2016,the price of compensation policy in place rates were 94.59％,89.51％,95.18％,95.64％;4 year total compensation policy in place rate was 93.67％;outpatient compensation mainly by inspecting fee (75.22％),the cost of treatment (11.18％),surgery (5.91％);hospital compensation mainly surgical fees,nursing fees (36.40％)(19.09％),(19.08％) medical expenses and treatment expenses (13.53％);a good compensation effect of price policy.Conclusion:The compensation of price policy was in accordance with the expectation of reform,and the sharing of information with the competent department of price could help to establish a scientific and reasonable price compensation policy.It needed to further promote the reform of drug and comsumable usage control.

Objective To observe the anesthetic efficacy and safety of lidocaine injection combined with ropivacaine injection in the treatment of digital replantation.Methods Seventy-two patients underwent replantation were randomly divided into control group (n =36 cases) and treatment group(n =36 cases).Control group was given ropivacaine injection 10 mL with upper limb vein injection.Treatment group received lidocaine injection 10 mL with upper limb vein injection,on the basis of control group.The anesthetic effect,C reactive protein(CRP) and adverse drug reactions were compared between the two groups.Results The proportion of anesthesia effect of grade Ⅰ in treatment and control groups were 97.22％ (35/36 cases) and 83.33％ (30/36 cases) with significant difference(P ＜0.05).After operation 1,3 d,the levels of CRP in treatment group were(7.25 ± 1.07),(7.14 ± 0.96) mg · L-1,which in control group were(8.12 ± 1.18),(7.90 ± 1.01) mg · L-1 with significant difference (P ＜ 0.05).The main adverse drug reactions in treatment group were based on limb movement and skin flushing,which in control group were based on limb,skin flushing and skin itching.The incidences of adverse drug reactions in treatment and control groups were 5.56％ and 22.22％ with significant difference (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Lidocaine injection combined with ropivacaine injection has a definitive anesthetic efficacy and safety in the treatment of digital replantation.

OBJECTIVETo conduct an epidemiological and genotype analysis of sapovirus (SaV) associated with sporadic diarrhea in Shenzhen in the year 2009.

METHODSA total of 852 fecal samples were collected from sporadic cases of diarrhea in Shenzhen in 2009 and detected by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using the primers of SLV5317/5749. The PCR products were analyzed with 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis and sequenced to construct the phylogenetic tree.

RESULTSSixteen samples were found positive for SaV, with a positivity rate of 1.88%. Sequence analysis identified 8 isolates as SaV GI genotype (including 3 SaV GI.1 and 5 SaV GI.2), 7 as SaV GIV genotype, and 1 as GII genotype.

CONCLUSIONSSaV infection is present in Shenzhen with GI as the predominant genotype. This is the first report of SaV GIV strains in China, which differs from the strains of Anhui-A141 and Beijing-CHN99/BJ360, suggesting the genotypic variety of SaV infection in China.

Adult ; China ; epidemiology ; Diarrhea ; epidemiology ; virology ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Viral ; genetics ; Sapovirus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo summarize the principles of ear reconstruction after rupture of postauricular expanded flap.

METHODSThe rupture of the postauricular expanded flap was graded as I-IV degree. For flap rupture of I and II degree, the ear reconstruction was performed immediately with autogenous cartilage framework. For flap rupture of III degree, topical and systemic treatment should be done to relieve the redness and swelling. Then the ear reconstruction was performed. For flap rupture of IV degree, the expanded postauricular flap was smoothened. Ear reconstruction was performed 3 months later.

RESULTSThere were 67 cases with flap rupture, including 43 cases as I and II degree, 17 cases as III degree and 7 cases as IV degree. Ear reconstruction with autogenous cartilage framework was performed in 43 cases, with Medpor framework in 17 cases. Flap smoothing and secondary ear reconstruction with autogenous cartilage framework was performed in 7 cases. The results were satisfactory with complications in 4 cases (7%), which resolved after treatment. Primary healing was achieved in all the patients.

CONCLUSIONSGood result could be achieved in ear reconstruction, even after flap rupture. Proper treatment should be adopted according to the rupture degree.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Cartilage ; transplantation ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Ear, External ; surgery ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Reconstructive Surgical Procedures ; Ribs ; transplantation ; Surgical Flaps ; Tissue Expansion ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVEBased on the national cancer incidence database from 1998 to 2007, to analyze the cancer incidence trend and predict the cancer burden between 2008 and 2015.

METHODSWe picked up the cancer incidence data of 40 cancer registry sites from National Central Cancer Registry Database between 1998 and 2007. In total, 1 109 594 cancer cases were registered, covering 446 734 668 person-year. The separate incidence by district and gender were calculated, and the standardized incidence rate was calculated by world's population age structure. The incidence trend between the 10 years was analyzed by JoinPoint software, as well as the age-percentage-changes (APC). Age-Period-Cohort Bayesian Model was applied to fit the cancer incidence data stratified by age, district and gender. The cancer incidence between 2008 and 2015 was then predicted.

RESULTSDuring the period of 1998 - 2007, in urban areas, the male cancer incidence rate was 277.61/100 000 (472 307/170 131 309), with the age standardized rate (ASR) at 202.05/100 000; while the female cancer incidence rate was 236.35/100 000 (389 586/164 830 893), with the ASR at 159.15/100 000; in rural areas, the male and female cancer incidence rates were separately 272.23/100 000 (153 478/56 377 236) and 170.09/100 000 (94 223/55 395 230), with the corresponding ASR at 244.34/100 000 and 137.90/100 000. Crude incidence rate in urban men increased from 247.00/100 000 (27 758/11 237 967) in 1998 to 305.76/100 000 (68 953/22 551 353) in 2007; while it increased from 207.37/100 000 (22 476/10 838 355) to 263.20/100 000 (58 055/22 057 787) among urban women. The crude incidence rate in rural men increased from 232.33/100 000 (10 045/4 323 628) to 303.65/100 000 (23 313/7 677 484) and it increased from 139.03/100 000 (5836/4 197 806) to 197.40/100 000 (14 850/7 522 690) among rural women. After age adjustment, the urban male APC value (95%CI) was 0.5% (-0.2% - 1.3%), showed no significantly statistical difference. However, the urban female APC value (95%CI), rural male APC value (95%CI) and rural female APC value (95%CI) were separately 1.7% (1.3% - 2.0%), 1.8% (0.9% - 2.6%) and 2.8% (1.8% - 3.7%), all showed an obvious uptrend. The outcome of Age-Period-Cohort Bayesian model predicted that by year 2015, the incidence cancer rate in urban areas will reach 309.13/100 000 (1.140 million new cases) among males and 303.79/100 000 (1.046 million new cases) among females; while in rural areas the rate will reach 288.66/100 000 (1.019 million new cases) among males and 222.59/100 000 (0.734 million new cases) among females.

CONCLUSIONThe cancer incidence has increased annually; the uptrend in rural areas was more obvious than it in urban areas; the uptrend in females was more obvious than it in males. It is predicted that the annual incidence will continue to increase in the next years, and effective control programs should be carried out immediately.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Bayes Theorem ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Registries ; Rural Population ; Urban Population ; Young Adult