ve To establish a method of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for determi-nation of nitrite in water. Methods The trace content of nitrite in water sample was determined by indirect UV-HPLC. The mixture of methanol/o-phthalic acid (pH value was adjusted to 8.6 by 0.10 mol/L NaOH solution)5: 95 was defined as mobile phase. The water sample was directly filtered by chromatographic column pack with ODP. Results Under the conditions of wave length of 270 nm and flow rate of 0.9 ml/ min, the linear range of this assay was 0.0~20.0?g/ml nitrite, the relative standard deviation was 3.9%. The average recovery rate and detection limit were 99.9% and 0.001?g/ ml respectively. Conclusion This method could be applied to the determination of trace amount of nitrite in drinking water, purified water and mineral water.

Objective: To improve the understanding of the rare clinical presentation and management of purpura fulminans (PF) in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH). Methods: A case of PF occurring in PNH is reported, while the related literature review is conducted. Results: A 49-year-old male patient suffered from one-week history of fever, greenish-brown colour urine, multiple well demarcated and painful purpura of the head and neck. He had been reported to have two thromboembolic events during the 22-year course of PNH. Skin biopsy displayed classic PF features. Laboratory testing showed a high PNH clone, intravascular hemolysis and coagulation system changes. After sufficient anticoagulation and short course of glucocorticoid therapy, the clinical conditions were improved correspondingly. During a follow-up period of 6 month, there was no recurrence of thrombosis. Conclusion: PF should be considered in PNH patients with unexplained, quickly developed painful purpura. Extensive work-up should be performed to find out other potential thrombophilic risk factors after diagnosis of PF. Early diagnosis, adequate anticoagulation therapy and control hemolysis were essential to PF treatment occurring in PNH. The survival of patients and the qualities of life can be improved. The PNH clone detection is needed to evaluate the status of procoagulation and predict the risk of recurrent thrombosis.
Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal ; Hemolysis ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Purpura Fulminans ; Thrombophilia ; Thrombosis

OBJECTIVETo explore the role of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MI/RI) by observing the dynamic expression changes at mRNA and protein levels early after myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/ R).

METHODSThe Wistar rats were randomly divided into Sham and I/R group (n = 42), and killed according to different reperfusion time (1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24 h and 7 d). Structural and morphous changes of myocytes were observed under optical microscope. The mRNA and protein levels of TLR2 and TLR4 were detected using real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Monocyte chemokine protein-1 (MCP-1) and interleukine-6 (IL-6) mRNA levels were measured by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR).

RESULTS(1) With the extension of reperfusion time, the myocardial infarct size increased smoothly, and reached the plateau at 4 h, then stayed in the platform. After reperfusion for 7 d, the ventricular had been remodeled. (2) At the beginning of reperfusion, myocardial structure showed no significant change in Sham group, but had different degrees of injury in I/R group. In rats of the group reperfused for 7 d the left ventricular remodeling could be visible. (3) Compared to sham group,TIR2, TLR4, MCP-1, IL-6 mRNA level were increased in myocardium in I/R group. TLR2 and TLR4 both peaked at 4 h of reperfusion, IL6 peaked at 6 h, followed by a gradually decrease. TLR4 and IL-6 mRNA levels rose again at 7 d. MCP-1 level in I/R group remained fairly with sham group at the beginning of reperfusion, and markedly elevated at 7 d.

CONCLUSIONExpression of TLRs mRNA in myocardium during early after myocardial ischemia/reperfusion increased rapidly and activated TLRs might play an important role in MI/RI through promoting the generation of inflammatory factors. At the late reperfusion, TLRs levels raise again and the expression of inflammatory factors increase once again, Those may probably affect the remodeling of ventricular, and injure myocardial structure and function.

Animals ; Chemokine CCL2 ; metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Interleukin-6 ; metabolism ; Male ; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Toll-Like Receptor 2 ; metabolism ; Toll-Like Receptor 4 ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo understand the characteristics of HIV/AIDS patients with late diagnosis and find the factors associated with late HIV detection.

METHODSHIV late diagnosed patients and early diagnosed patients, which were identified and classified by definition in advance, were selected from the case reporting database of HIV/AIDS Comprehensive Response Information Management System in eight counties of four provinces (Zhumadian, Nanyang, and Zhoukou of Hennan province; Liuzhou and Lingshan county of Guangxi autonomous region; Guangzhou and Shenzhen of Guangdong province; Dehong of Yunnan province) between January 1, 2009 and June 30, 2010. A total of 3912 eligible patients were investigated, including 2496 late diagnosis and 1416 early diagnosis. The structured questionnaires were used to obtain information on behaviors, HIV detection history and reason of late detection for all eligible HIV/AIDS patients. Late diagnosed patients were defined by CD4 T-cell counts less than 200 cells/mm(3) or diagnosis as AIDS within the reported year after the first HIV positive test. The univariate and multivariate logistic regression methods were used to analyze the characteristics of HIV/AIDS late diagnosed patients.

RESULTSOnly 14.2% (350/2469) of them have ever had the awareness of "to go for HIV testing", 68.8% (150/218)of which did not put it into practice within one month because of discrimination and stigma. Among those HIV late diagnosed patients without the awareness of "to go for HIV testing", the proportions of "never worried about HIV infection" or "never heard of AIDS" were 69.7% (1476/2116) and 18.1% (383/2116), respectively. When those HIV late diagnosed patients visited health settings because of AIDS related symptoms, only 40.0% (590/1475) of them received the HIV testing service. Furthermore, 54.5% (322/590) of those received HIV testing were not informed the results. Compared with early diagnosed patients, patients with late diagnosis were over 50 years old (OR = 4.14, 95%CI: 3.09 - 5.55), primary school education (OR = 1.29, 95%CI: 1.10 - 1.52) and illiteracy (OR = 2.15, 95%CI: 1.25 - 2.82), Routes of transmission from former illegal blood or plasma (OR = 2.91, 95%CI: 2.27 - 3.74) and transfusion of blood/blood products (OR = 2.79, 95%CI: 2.11 - 3.68). Late diagnosed patients were identified mainly from voluntary counseling and testing (45.4%, 1130/1528) and medical institutions (38.3%, 954/1469).

CONCLUSIONThe main reasons for late diagnosis of HIV infection are low initiative of HIV testing and discrimination and stigma. Furthermore, the low awareness of medical institutions to actively provide HIV testing affects the early diagnosis of HIV infections.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; Adult ; China ; epidemiology ; Counseling ; Delayed Diagnosis ; Female ; HIV Infections ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Male ; Mass Screening ; Middle Aged ; Risk Factors

OBJECTIVETo review theories and technologies of big data mining and their application in clinical medicine.

DATA SOURCESLiteratures published in English or Chinese regarding theories and technologies of big data mining and the concrete applications of data mining technology in clinical medicine were obtained from PubMed and Chinese Hospital Knowledge Database from 1975 to 2015.

STUDY SELECTIONOriginal articles regarding big data mining theory/technology and big data mining's application in the medical field were selected.

RESULTSThis review characterized the basic theories and technologies of big data mining including fuzzy theory, rough set theory, cloud theory, Dempster-Shafer theory, artificial neural network, genetic algorithm, inductive learning theory, Bayesian network, decision tree, pattern recognition, high-performance computing, and statistical analysis. The application of big data mining in clinical medicine was analyzed in the fields of disease risk assessment, clinical decision support, prediction of disease development, guidance of rational use of drugs, medical management, and evidence-based medicine.

CONCLUSIONBig data mining has the potential to play an important role in clinical medicine.

Bayes Theorem ; Clinical Medicine ; Data Mining ; Decision Support Systems, Clinical ; Decision Trees ; Evidence-Based Medicine ; Fuzzy Logic ; Humans ; Neural Networks (Computer) ; Pattern Recognition, Automated

BACKGROUND: Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a serious and catastrophic complication after hip or knee arthroplasty. With aging population increasing, more patients will undergo hip or knee arthroplasty. Studies have shown that the risk for PJI following arthroplasty is different in different populations. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the risk factors for PJI after hip or knee arthroplasty in Mainland of China through a meta-analysis, thereby providing reference for the prevention and control of postoperative PJI. METHODS: A computer-based search of WanFang, CNKI, VIP, CBM, PubMed, Cochrane, Embase and Medline databases was performed and the literatures concerning the risk factors for PJI after hip or knee arthroplasty in Mainland of China published before September 2016 were collected by manual retrieval and retrospective approach. All the literatures were screened based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, followed by data extraction and analyzed on RESULTS AND CONLUSION: (1) Finally 14 literatures were included, including 417 patients with PJI. (2) The results of the meta-analysis showed that the risk factors for PJI after hip or knee arthroplasty including the complication of diabetic mellitus, long-term use of steroids, long operation time (> 90 minutes), age (> 65 years), and history of hip or knee Stata 12.0 software. surgery. (3) To conclude, PJI after hip or knee arthroplasty is related to multiple factors, so physicians should pay attention to these factors to reduce the incidence of PJI.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) (2R)-2-[5-[4-[ ethyl-methylamino] phenyl [thiophene-2-sulfonylamino]-3-methylbutyric acid (TISAM) therapeutic effect on experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) in Lewis rats.

METHODSTreatment protocol of oral administration of 5 mg/kg TISAM once a day for 14 days was performed on EAM Lewis rats. EAM Lewis rats were divided into 3 groups: treatment in early, middle and later stage respectively (n = 20). After experiment at the designate time point, the rats were euthanatized and hearts were harvested. Cardiac inflammatory score, fibrosis score and content, and infiltration of macrophages and T lyminflammatory score, fibrosis score and content, and infiltration of macrophages and T lymphocytes, message RNA (mRNA) expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 and protein activity of gelatinase were determined.

RESULTSTISAM treatment in early phase was invalid (treatment started from the creation of the model), treatment in middle and later phase was effective (treatment started from 7 and 14 day after the creation of the model).

CONCLUSIONInhibitor of MMP-2 can block ventricular remodeling in middle stage in EAM Lewis rats. The mechanism maybe alleviate the inflammatory cell cardiac infiltration, decrease the mRNA expression of MMP-2 at transcript level and downregulate gelatinase activity at protein level.

Animals ; Autoimmune Diseases ; drug therapy ; Female ; Male ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 ; metabolism ; Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors ; therapeutic use ; Myocarditis ; drug therapy ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred Lew ; Thiophenes ; therapeutic use

OBJECTIVETo analyze efficacy of radiotherapy for adult patients with Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH).

METHODSClinical features and efficacy of radiotherapy for biopsy-proven adult patient with LCH from January 2000 to October 2012 in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed.

RESULTSSeventeen (11 male and 6 female) adult LCH patients with a mean age of 31 (18-56) years old were treated by irradiation, all patients presented as single-system disease. The mean duration from diagnosis to irradiation was 8.3 (0-108) months. Although 12 of 17 patients (70.6%) had short-term response to radiotherapy, all patients but one (94.1%) progressed during long-term follow-up, the mean progression-free survival (PFS) was 14 (0-131) months. Of the progressed patients, one relapsed in situ, the remaining 15 patients progressed outside the irradiated region. Thirteen patients (76.5%) eventually progressed to multisystem disease.

CONCLUSIONThough radiotherapy for LCH in adults produced a high short-term response up to 70.6%, most of patients eventually progressed in situ or outside the irradiation region during long-term follow-up.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Disease Progression ; Disease-Free Survival ; Female ; Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell ; radiotherapy ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo assess impact of different brain protection techniques upon postoperative temporary neurological dysfunction in aortic surgery with the aid of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest.

METHODSFrom January 2003 to December 2005, 78 patients who met the inclusion criteria entered the present cohort, 43 of whom were under the aid of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest plus retrograde cerebral perfusion (RCP group) and the other 35 under deep hypothermic circulatory arrest plus selective antegrade cerebral perfusion (SCP group). The present and grades of postoperative temporary neurological dysfunction were assessed by independent observers with the same criterion. The impact of duration of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest upon the postoperative temporary neurological dysfunction was also evaluated.

RESULTSThe incidence of postoperative temporary neurological dysfunction was significantly higher in the RCP group than in the SCP group (15, 34.9% vs. 4, 11.4%, P<0.05). And long duration of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (more than 50 min) has a negative impact on the postoperative temporary neurological dysfunction rate.

CONCLUSIONSApplying selective antegrade cerebral perfusion as the brain protection technique and shortening the duration of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest can reduce the incidence of temporary neurological dysfunction and preserve cerebral function more effectively.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Aorta ; surgery ; Brain ; blood supply ; physiopathology ; Circulatory Arrest, Deep Hypothermia Induced ; adverse effects ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nervous System Diseases ; etiology ; prevention & control ; Perfusion ; methods ; Postoperative Complications ; etiology ; prevention & control

The present study aimed to determine the role of tissue injury in migration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) intravenously transplanted into heart and to establish experimental basis for improving stem cell therapy in its targeting and effectiveness. MSCs were isolated from bone marrow of male Sprague-Dawley rats and purified by density centrifuge and adhered to the culture plate in vitro. Female rats were divided randomly into four groups. Myocardial ischemia (MI) transplanted group received MSCs infusion through tail vein 3 h after MI and compared with sham-operated group or normal group with MSCs infusion, or control group received culture medium infusion. MI was created in female rats by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery. The heart was harvested 1 week and 8 weeks after transplantation. The characteristics of migration of MSCs to heart were detected with expression of sry gene of Y chromosome by using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Ultrastructural changes of the ischemic myocardium of the recipient rats were observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM). One week or 8 weeks after transplantation, sry positive cells were observed in the cardiac tissue in both of MI transplanted group and sham-operated group, the number of sry positive cells being significantly higher in MI transplanted group (P<0.01). No significant difference was found in the number of sry positive cells between 1 week and 8 weeks after transplantation. No sry positive cells were observed in the hearts of control and normal group. In addition, the ultrastructure of some cells located in the peri-infarct area of MI rats with MSCs transplantation was similar to that of MSCs cultured in vitro. These results indicate that MSCs are capable of migrating towards ischemic myocardium in vivo and the fastigium of migration might appear around 1 week after MI. The tissue injury and its degree play an important role in the migration of MSCs.
Animals ; Cell Movement ; Cell Tracking ; Female ; Male ; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; cytology ; Myocardial Ischemia ; therapy ; Myocardium ; ultrastructure ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley