The bactericidal mechanism of carbon monoxide (CO) and the feasibility of CO-releasing molecules as anti-infective drugs were summarized by consulting scientific literature, combined with our own research work. Anaerobic bacteria are usually tolerant to high concentration of CO, and some can even grow with CO as sole carbon or energy source, but most pathogenic bacteria are sensitive to CO. In view of the difficulty of gaseous CO in controlling the applying dose and the action site, CO release molecules were synthesized. CO release molecules not only have higher bactericidal activities against common pathogenic bacteria than gaseous CO, but also have the ability to kill antibiotics-resistant bacteria and destroy their biofilms. CO mainly binds with heme-Fe²⁺ in cells, interrupting the electron transfer of respiration chains, which would result in the generation of reactive oxygen species. CO can also disturb intracellular ion balance, which further triggers free radical reactions. Due to its diverse acting targets, uneasy to induce drug resistance, and synergistic effect with other antibiotics, CO is expected to be the next generation of anti-infection drugs.

Objective To discuss the donor site complications and the treatments of the anterolateral thiIgh flap transfer. Methods From July 1988 to July 2007,427 patients treated by anterolateral thish flap surgery were followed up.The donor sites were treated by several methods,including direct closure(49 cases),skin graft transfer(258 cases),anterolateral fascial flap transfer(27 cases),musculocutaneous flap and skin sraft transfer(65 cases), superficial epigastric artery flap transfer(28cases).The area of these flaps ranged from 30 cm×10 cm to 18 cm×7 cm.and the average follow-up was 21 months(ranged from 8 months to 54 months). All the data was analyzed by SPSS for Windows,Version 11.0.1. Results Short-term complications(within 4 weeks)and long-term complications (over 6months)were observed.The former included skin necrosis(5.4%),wound infection(4.0%),and necrosis of rectus femoris(0.5%); and the latter included chronic ulcer(4.9%), aerious scar(6.6%), serious discomfortable(5.9%),and quadriceps femoris disfunction(3.7%).The statistical results showed that there was a close correlation between the donor site morbidity and the surgical methods. Conclusion The complications of the donor site cannot be ignored.Protect the soft-tissue of the donor site carefully,design all appropriate operation plan.Careful preoperative examination and local flap transplantation can effectively decrease the rate of complications.

To introduce peptidoglycan recycling and the β-lactams resistance mechanisms of bacteria, so that some help would be supplied to corresponding scientific workers and university teachers. By searching literatures, combined with our own studies, the bactericidal mechanisms of β-lactams and the resistance mechanisms of bacteria to β-lactams were summarized. The bactericidal activity of β-lactams is resulted from the inhibition of cell wall biosynthesis through combination with penicillin binding proteins such as transpeptidase destruction of peptidoglycan balances between biosynthesis and hydrolysis. The drug resistance of bacteria is resulted from the induction of β-lactamase, expression of out-pumping proteins, increase of outmembrane permeability, and modification of antibiotic target proteins. The proteins related to peptidoglycan recycling, such as transpeptidase and glycosyltransferase, would be potential targets for screening new β-lactams. The proteins related to β-lactams resistance, such as β-lactamase, would be potential targets for screening adjuvant drugs of β-lactams.

Objective To observe the effects of Fengshi Bitong Prescription (FSBT) on cytokines in serum and Fas/FasL mRNA expression system in synovium; To discuss relevant mechanism of action. Methods Rats were given foot intradermal injection of bovine type Ⅱ collagen emulsion to establish collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model. After successful modeling, they were randomly divided into 6 groups: normal control group, CIA model group, tripterygium glycosides group, FSBT high-, medium-, and low-dose groups. Each medication group was given relevant medicine for gavage for 14 d. The weight and arthritis scores of CIA rats were observed. Serum levels of IL-1β, IL-15, and TGF-β1 were detected by ELISA. Expressions of Fas and FasL mRNA in synovium of CIA rats were detected by real-time PCR. Results Compared with model group, the foot arthritis score and serum levels of IL-15 in FSBT high- and medium-dose groups significantly decreased (P<0.01), and the serum level of TGF-β1 significantly increased (P<0.05). Expression of Fas significantly decreased and FasL significantly increased in FSBT high-dose group (P<0.05). Conclusion FSBT may have certain immune regulation effects on rheumatoid arthritis. Its mechanism may be in regulating Fas/FasL apoptosis system, thereby inducing apoptosis of synovial cells and inhibiting synovial hyperplasia.

Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy of periradicular compound betamethasone injections into the periganglionic space in the treatment of radicular pain.Methods Periganglionic compound betamethasone infiltrations were performed in 76 patients with lumbar radicular pain under MSCT guidance.All patients were divided into two groups including group 1(31 cases of lumbar disc herniation)and group 2(45 cases of lumbar degenerative disorders).The total and two groups scores of VAS were compared after the therapeutic procedure with evaluation of the efficacy.Results 88%(69/76)of patients showed significant pain reduction,with the score of VAS 6.5?2.0(before therapy)dropping to 3.4?1.8(after 1 week)and 3.8?1.9(after 3 month).Differences in improvements before and after the therapy were statistically significant.Differences between one-week and three-month follow-up were not statistically significant.Differences between the two groups demonstrated no statistical significance.Conclusion Periradicular compound betamethasone injection under CT guidance is safe and useful in the treatment of lumbar radicular pain.

Drug Delivery Systems ; methods ; Drug Design ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; methods ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Mass Spectrometry ; Microarray Analysis ; RNA ; chemistry ; metabolism ; RNA Interference ; RNA, Small Interfering ; chemistry ; genetics ; Surface Plasmon Resonance

OBJECTIVETo investigate the association of male reproductive tract infection (RTI) with semen parameters and sperm DNA damage.

METHODSWe classified 1 084 males attending the infertility clinic into an RTI group (n = 300) and a non-RTI control group (n = 784). According to the WHO standards, we obtained routine semen parameters, detected sperm morphology, and determined the sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI) by sperm chromatin structure assay.

RESULTSThere were statistically significant differences between the RTI and control groups in the semen volume ( [2.58 ± 1.20] vs [3.00 ± 2.10] ml), grade a + b sperm ([50.6 ± 17.2] vs [53.2 ± 15.8]%), grade d sperm ( [39. 8 ± 17.8] vs [36.5 ± 16.2]%), and total sperm count ([218.5 ± 185.0 ] vs [278.5 ± 375.5 ] x 10(6)/ejaculate) (all P < 0.05), but not in the males' age, sperm concentration or pH value (P > 0.05). The percentage of morphologically normal sperm was significantly lower ([3.46 ± 2.90] vs [4.61 ± 3.60%, P < 0.05) but the DFI was markedly higher in the RTI group than in the control ([19.4 ± 11.4] vs [15.2 ± 8.8]% , P < 0.01). The percentage of the cases with DFI > 30% was remarkably higher (13.0 vs 5.74% ) while that of the cases with DFI < 10% dramatically lower in the former than in the latter (16.0 vs 28.0%). The level of seminal plasma elastase was correlated negatively to sperm concentration, sperm count, and the percentage of morphologically normal sperm (P < 0.05) but positively to DFI and grade d sperm (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONMale reproductive tract infection not only affects semen parameters and sperm morphology but also causes serious sperm DNA damage.

DNA Fragmentation ; Humans ; Infertility, Male ; physiopathology ; Male ; Reproductive Tract Infections ; physiopathology ; Semen ; chemistry ; Semen Analysis ; Sperm Count ; Spermatozoa ; pathology

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a parasitic disease ,which is still endemic in western China .An earthquake struck south-western China on May 12th ,2008 ,which affected Longnan City of Gansu Province considerably .The objective of this survey is to determine the effect of the Wenchuan earthquake on the Kala-azar epidemic in Longnan City .In this study ,VL cases were collected from 2005 to 2013 and diagnosed on positive test for anti-rK39IgG antibodies by the Kala-azar Detect rK39 dip-stick (InBios ,USA) .The incidence rates were calculated among various counties of Longnan City with SPSS 19 .0 soft-ware .The epidemiological characteristics of the disease were analyzed before and after the Wenchuan earthquake .From 2005 to 2013 ,there were 825 VL cases in Longnan City ,with an annual incidence of 3 .36/100 000 and a significantly higher incidence in males than that in females (P＜ 0 .001) .All age groups were affected .During this period ,there was an obvious upward trend from 2005 to 2008 ,and a distinct downward tendency since 2010 .The incidences of VL between 2008 and 2010 were sig-nificantly different with that in other years (P＜0 .01) .Results revealed that VL was widespread in Longnan City ,which was likely exacerbated by the earthquake in 2008 .Earthquake created diverse natural environment and social circumstances ,w hich may contribute to the spread of the VL epidemic .Together ,our data strongly suggest that the epidemic of VL should be close-ly monitored after earthquake .

Objective To evaluate the in vitro antiviral activity of HB-13,a compound derivant from berberine and its prodrug berberine,against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2). Methods Vero cells were cultured in vitro and infected with HSV.Then,various concentrations of HB-13, berberine,and aciclovir were used to treat these infected cells.The cytopathic effect was observed to deter- mine the antiviral effects and cytotoxicity of HB-13 and berberine.Results For HB-13,berberine and acy- clovir,the half toxicity concentration (TC_(50)) to Vero cells was 31.99,380 and more than 800?g/mL, respectively;the average half inhibitory concentration (IC_(50)) against HSV-1 was 1.328,more than 100,and 0.443?g/mL,respectively,the treatment index (TI) against HSV-1 was 24.09,less than 3.80,and more than 1805.87,respectively;the IC_(50) against HSV-2 was 1.344,more than 100,and 0.679?g/mL,respectively,the TI against HSV-2 was 23.80,less than 3.80 and more than 1178.20,respectively.Conclusion HB-13 possesses marked antiviral activity against HSV-1 and HSV-2 in vitro,while berberine does not.

Objective To study the influence of periacetabular muscle contraction on acetabular] fractures.Methods Twenty intact adult cadaveric pelvis(40 hip joints)treated antiseptically with bilat- eral 1/2 femoral shafts were selected and divided randomly into two groups(20 hip joints in each group). Then,the specimens were trimmed to fit the RMT-150B rock mechanics measuring system and the special in- creasing pressure system.After pressure of 3 500 N was pressed to the control group and pressure of 4500 N to the experimental group,acetabular fracture model was made by beatening with special striking machine,when striking force was recorded.Results We made forty aeetabular fracture models from 40 cadaveric hips. Pearson correlation coefficient of pressing force and striking force was -0.923(P＜0.01).The striking force of the control group and the experimental group was 445-550 N and 290-400 N,respectively(t= 14.727,P＜0.01).Conclusion The increase of contraction force of the periaeetabular muscles can decrease aeetabular stress and strain,influence the result of violent injury and play a vital role in inducing acetabular fractures.