Capillaria hepatica is an extremely common parasite of rats. Several human cases have also been reported from various parts of the world and recently these aroused the clinical interests. The present study was undertaken to investigate the biological observations of C. hepatica and the changes occurring in blood picture and serum protein in the experimentally infected hosts. The source of C. hepatica obtained from the deposit of non-embryonated eggs encapsulated in the liver of house rats(Rattus norvegicus) in Seoul. The eggs isolated from the infected liver tissues by the freshly prepared artificial gastric juice at 37 C and embryonated in the incubator 27 to 30 C for four to five weeks. For the observation of migratory pathway to the liver, ten mice were infected orally with 1,000 embryonated eggs of C. hepatica, and another ten mice were infected intraperitoneally. No larvae were found in the washings of peritoneal cavity after oral infection, but after the third day of infection, the larvae were isolated from liver tissues. These indicated that the majority of larvae are transported to the liver by the hepatic portal system. On the other hand, 1,000 embryonated eggs of C. hepatica were inoculated into the peritoneal cavity of mice by mantoux syringe containing antibiotics. One third of inoculated eggs hatched out in the peritoneum during two days after inoculation, hatched in the peritoneal cavity invade directly to the surface of liver. Twenty white rats were infected orally with 1,000 to 2,000 embryonated eggs for the study of the development of C. hepatica in the liver and histopathological changes of the infected liver in the course of infection. C. hepatica in the liver of white rats developed rather slowly at the first tenth day after infection, but at the 13th day developed rapidly in its size. The worms were sexually differentiated at the l7th day after infection. At the 20th fully formed eggs appeared in the white or yellowish lesions on the surface of rat liver and they are also found in uterine tubule of the female worm. After the 33rd day, male worm disappeared and only female worms packed with eggs were detected in the liver tissues. However the long hair-like tightly coiled worms were also usually found in the hepatic cysts, and the degenerated or dead worms were observed in the small cysts on the surface of the liver at the 59 th day after infection. Microscopical examination on the first week after infection revealed inflammatory reactions with the dilatation of central vein, Kupffer cell mobilization, focal necrosis and perivascular infiltration. After two weeks of infection granulomatous inflammation were observed around or adjacent to the worms in the lobules. The worms are surrounded by macrophages, multinucleated giant cells, a dense infiltration of lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils and, especially, eosinophils. After the third and fourth week, the microscopical findings of infected rat livers have shown proliferation of connective tissues and regeneration of liver cells. During the fifth to sixth week after infection, rat liver showed marked proliferation of fibrous connective tissues encapsulated the worms and massive deposition of the eggs. At the later time the liver reveals many pseudolobules which are caused by postnecrotic cirrhosis. These are irregularly subdivided into lobule by a fibrous septum. The worms were fragmented by the phagocytes and encapsulated by connective tissues. And then finally they appeared to be replaced by the calcium-like material. The liver shows typical cirrhosis after the eighth week after infection. In order to investigate the changes of blood picture and serum protein components of rabbits infected with C. hepatica, twenty rabbits were divided into four groups by the doses of eggs. Group A was given doses of 1,000 embryonated eggs, group B 5,000 eggs, group C 10,000 eggs and group D 30,000 eggs. The pictures of blood especially leukocyte and eosinophil counts and of serum protein were checked every week for ten weeks in the course of infections. The marked elevation of the leukcocyte, eosinophil counts and percentage of eosinophils was observed at the sixth to the seventh week in the course of infection in all groups of rabbits. At the tenth week after infection a decrease was shown in their counts. However in the heavily infected groups (Group C and D) these values persisted relatively in high levels even thereafter. In the white rats given doses of 1,000 to 2,000 eggs, eosinophil counts increased to the peak at the fourth week and decreased at the seventh week after infection. The changes in serum protein components of infected rabbits were investigated by paper electrophoresis. Blood collections were done by the cardiac puncture in the early morning. Serum total protein was determined by Biurets method, serum protein fractionating and A/G ratio by paper electrophoresis using Whatman No.l filter paper and barbital buffer (pH 8.6, ionic strength 0.06). Total protein increased at the sixth and seventh week after infection and the albumin and A/G ratio had decreased significantly in the heavily infected groups at the fifth and sixth week. The alpha-globulin and beta-globulin were not significant in the lightly infected groups(Group A and B), but they decreased after seventh week in the heavily infected groups. The gamma-globulin and gamma/A ratio of the heavily infected groups were significantly increased at fifth to seventh week. Statistically the calculation of entropy was applied to the data obtained in all groups. In the lightly infected groups, the entropy was included almost in the normal ranges, however in the heavily infected groups it was excluded from the normal range during the first to eighth week after infection.
parasitology ; helminth ; nematoda ; pathology ; biochemistry ; hematology ; rabbit ; rat ; alpha-globulin ; beta-globulin ; gamma-globulin

No abstract available.
gamma-Globulins* ; Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic*

A fusion protein containing a tetanus toxin peptide, a tuftsin peptide and a SARS-CoV-2S protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) was prepared to investigate the effect of intramolecular adjuvant on humoral and cellular immunity of RBD protein. The tetanus toxin peptide, tuftsin peptide and S protein RBD region were connected by a flexible polypeptide, and a recombinant vector was constructed after codon optimization. The recombinant S-TT-tuftsin protein was prepared by prokaryotic expression and purification. BALB/c mice were immunized after mixed with aluminum adjuvant, and the humoral and cellular immune effects were evaluated. The recombinant S-TT-tuftsin protein was expressed as an inclusion body, and was purified by ion exchange chromatography and renaturated by gradient dialysis. The renaturated protein was identified by Dot blotting and reacted with serum of descendants immunized with SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccine. The results showed that the antibody level reached a plateau after 35 days of immunization, and the serum antibody ELISA titer of mice immunized with recombinant protein containing intramolecular adjuvant was up to 1:66 240, which was significantly higher than that of mice immunized with S-RBD protein (P < 0.05). At the same time, the recombinant protein containing intramolecular adjuvant stimulated mice to produce a stronger lymphocyte proliferation ability. The stimulation index was 4.71±0.15, which was significantly different from that of the S-RBD protein (1.83±0.09) (P < 0.000 1). Intramolecular adjuvant tetanus toxin peptide and tuftsin peptide significantly enhanced the humoral and cellular immune effect of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein RBD domain, which provideda theoretical basis for the development of subunit vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses.
Adjuvants, Immunologic ; Aluminum ; Animals ; Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Antibodies, Viral ; COVID-19/prevention & control* ; COVID-19 Vaccines/genetics* ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Recombinant Proteins/genetics* ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics* ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics* ; Tetanus Toxin ; Tuftsin ; Vaccines, Subunit ; Viral Vaccines

Analysis of synovial fluid is a most helpful aid in diagnosis and differentiating the varlous types of arthritis. But little information is available on joint fluid proteins and immunoglobullns. The present study was designed to obtain more precise information about each component of joint fluid proteins, using Acrylamide Gel Microzone system with a Densitometer. The following results were obtained: 1. The amount of total protein in both types of arthritis was approximately twice as high as that in the normal group (Normal;2.12± 0.50g%, R.A.;4.51± 1.18g%, Tbc;4.10± 1.02g%). 2. The albumin fraction was decreased in both types of arthrltis (R.A.;42.15± 5.21g%, Tbc; 44.24± 5.61g%) in comparison with 65.25± 4.40g% in the normal group. 3. The percentages of Alpha 1 and Beta globulin in both types of arthritis were similar to that in the normal group. (Normal:Alpha 1;6.01± 1.10, beta; 12.40± 1.90) 4. The percentages of Alpha 2 globulin and gamma globulin in both types of arthritis were approximately twice as high as that in the normal group. (Normal:Alpha 2;5.31± 1.62, Gamrna; 11.03± 1.51).
Acrylamide ; Arthritis ; Beta-Globulins ; Diagnosis ; gamma-Globulins ; Joints ; Synovial Fluid

No abstract available.
Aspirin* ; gamma-Globulins* ; Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome*

A Clinical observation on 272 cases of epidemic encephalitis admitted to the Department of Pediatrics, Chonnam University Hospital with 5 year duration from 1971 to 1975 was carried out and the serum protein fractions were studied paperelectrophoretically on 28 cases in 1975 The following results are obtained. : 1) The peak age group was from 6 to 10 years old, and the male to female ratio was 1.7:1 2) The complaints on admission were fever(100%), neck stiffness(78.3%), Kernig's sign(71.7%), vomiting(64.0%), unconsciousness(59.6%), and headache(57.4%), in order of frequency. 3) Laboratory findings were as follows ; In the most cases(79.4%), peripheral leukocytosis with increased polymorphocyte was noted. And the findings of C.S.F. showed; Pleocytosis (98.5%), increased protein content(90.1%), normal or slightly increased sugar content(97.8%) and within normal limits of chloride level. 4) Mortality rate was 20.2% 5) The total protein and beta-globulin level showed no change and decreased albumin and A/G ratio. The gamma-globulin level showed increased initially and thereafter decreased to normlal limits gradually.
Beta-Globulins ; Child ; Encephalitis, Arbovirus* ; Female ; gamma-Globulins ; Humans ; Jeollanam-do ; Leukocytosis ; Male ; Mortality ; Neck ; Pediatrics

Many reports have been found in the literature regarding the electrophoretic study of various urogenital diseases, but those on syphilis are relatively rare. It is author's opinion that the correlation between syphilis and the dysfunction of various organs must also be elucidated into detail. On this view point the author has studied the total protein and paper electrophoretic fractions of the serum derived from the patients of syphilis in 17 males and 5 females visited our department during the period from October, 1962 to September, 1964 Age distribution was between 18 and 45 years of age and duration of history was from 3 months to 8 months. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Total protein and electrophoretic fractions of 22 patients' serum: a) The amount of total protein decreased slightly. b) Albumin decreased markedly. c) Alpha 1 globulin decreased remarkably. d) Alpha 2 globulin decreased slightly. e) Beta globulin increased very remarkably. f) Gamma globulin increased markedly. g) A/G ratio decreased very remarkably. All of the above patterns were compared with normal rate. 2. Total protein and electrophoretic fractions of same 22 patients' serum in duration 30 days after complete therapy: a) The amount of total protein, albumin alpha 2 globulin, gamma globulin and A/G ratio etc. are unchanged b) Alpha 1 globulin decreased markedly. c) Beta globulin increased slightly. All of the above pattern were compared with normal rate.
Age Distribution ; Beta-Globulins ; Electrophoresis, Paper ; Female ; gamma-Globulins ; Humans ; Male ; Syphilis

Protein levels were measured in 91 cases with acute glomerulonephritis from 2 years to 15 years of age. Measurements were made using microzone electrophoresis on cellulose acetate. A unique and somewhat characteristic pattern was obtained in all our patients with acute glomerulonephritis. The mean values of the total serum protein were significantly decreased, except in the age group of 23 years, with acute glomerulonephritis as compared with the normal values of the total serum protein. The mean levels of albumin were also decreased with statistical significance in all our patients. On the whole, the levels for the alpha-1 and alpha-2 globulins tended to be somewhat higher in patients with acute glomerulonephritis than in the healthy children. But there were no significant differences among them. In the beta fraction, the mean levels with acute glomerulonephritis were decreased with ststistical significance except in the age group of 23 years. In the gamma fraction, the mean levels with acute glomerulonephritis were markedly increased as compared with the mean values of the healthy children. To summarize, the most striking changes in the patients with acute glomerulonephritis consisted mainly of a moderate reduction of the total protein and albumin, a decrease in the beta fraction and an increase in the gamma globulin. None showed a significant increase in the alpha-1 and the alpha-2 fraction.
Cellulose* ; Child ; Electrophoresis* ; gamma-Globulins ; Globulins ; Glomerulonephritis* ; Humans ; Reference Values ; Strikes, Employee

The concentrations of serum proteins fractions and their electrophoretical patterns were investigated in 135 patients with coal workers' pneumoconiosis who participated in confirmative examination for pneumoconiosis in December 1989. Their radiographical profusions were classified as 1/0 or more. Agarose film and phosphoric acid-sodium hydroxide buffer(pH 8.6) were used for electrophoresis. Concentration of each protein fractions and electrophoretical patterns seemed to be equivalent to reference values. Serum alpah1- and beta-globulin concentrations, however, were significantly different(p<0.50) among categories of small opacity profusions and showed the lowest level in the group of category 1. Albumin concentrations decreased and alpha2-globulin concentrations increased significantly(p<0.05) in the group of complicated with pulmonary tuberculosis. gamma-globulin concentrations were not varied by category of profusions nor by pulmonary tuberculosis complication.
Beta-Globulins ; Blood Proteins ; Coal* ; Electrophoresis ; gamma-Globulins ; Humans ; Pneumoconiosis* ; Reference Values ; Sepharose ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Aqueous flare, the scattering of light by the Tyndall phenomenon, have been applied for the assessment of aqueous protein by the ophthalmologists. Since the intensity of flare ultimately reflects the severity of ocular inflammation. Laser flare-cell meter was developed to determine protein concentration and number of cells in the aqueous with non-invasive technique. The principle of evaluation was similar to that of slit-lamp examination in the viewpoint of scattering of light. The significant linear correlation was observed between the values of concentration for protein and photon counts, in the range from 5mg/100ml to 2,500ml/100ml in boine serum albumin (BSA) and from 5mg/100ml to 1,000mg/100ml in human gamma globulin (HGG), the valuses of HGG was three times higher than those of BSA in the same concentration. In experiments for WBC, RBC and latex particles with diameter of 2.95 micrometer, although somewhat differences was observed according to the sort of cells, significant linear correlation was shown between the number of detected peaks and that of cells.
Aqueous Humor ; gamma-Globulins ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Microspheres ; Serum Albumin