ObjectiveTo understand the harm of drinking-tea borne endemic flnorosis on human body and to provide a scientific basis for the formulation of effective control measures.MethodsSeven counties in Lhasa of Tibet were selected as monitoring counties in 2008.Four townships in each county were selected(including 2 villages in Chengguan county),and 2 administrative villages in each township were selected as monitoring villages.By using Dean method,dental fluorosis of every child aged 8 - 12 in the monitoring villages was examined.At the same time,urine samples were randomly collected in each age group in the above-mentioned villages.The content of fluoride in urine was determined by F-ion selective electrode (WS/T 30-1996) and evaluated according to “The Normal Concentration of Uriary Fluride of Population” (WS/T 256-2005).Over 18 years old in the monitoring counties were divided into five age group as - 25,- 35,- 45,- 55 and 56 -,at least 10 ment were randomly selected in each age group to be examined clinical skeletal fluorosis,and the diagnosis was based on the endemic skeletal fluorosis standard(WS 192-2007 ).At the same time,adult dental fluorosis diagnosis and urinary fluoride examination were done.Drinking water samples in each survey point were collected and water fluoride was determination by ion selective electrode method.Results①Dental fluorosis:a total of 723 children aged 8 to 12 were examined,91 cases of dental fluorosis were detected,and detection rate was 12.58％,dental fluorosis index was 0.34; ②adult dental fluorosis:a total of 2626 adults were examined,998 cases of dental fluorosis were detected,and detection rate was 38.00％,dental fluorosis index was 0.71; ③Adult clinical skeletal fluorosis:a total of 2626 adults were examined,15 degree Ⅱ clinical skeletal fluorosis patients were detected,and the detection rate was 0.57％ ; ④Child urine fluoride:a total of 700 child urine samples were collected.The geometric mean was 1.97 mg/L,ranged 0.01 to 17.56 rng/L; ⑤Adult urine fluoride:a total of 2626 adults were examined,geometric mean 2.16 mg/L,ranged 0.01 to 56.87 mg/L; ⑥Water fluoride:52 water samples were tested in survey sites,and fluoride content of 15 water samples exceeded the standard; ⑦Tea fluorine content:2000 tea samples were tested; median tea fluoride was 2.38 mg/L,ranged from 0.03 to 56.87 mg/L.ConclusionsFluorosis is serious in Lhasa,which is directly related to drinking brick tea,it is recommended that to drink brick tea with lowfluoride,and discard bad living habits.

No abstract available.

This paper has reported the data of health volunteer's liver sections, which are measured with B-Model ultrasonic scan, so as to provide the data to be for clinical reference.15 data for each volunteer were measured and treated them with statistics, the conclusions represent as follows:1. The thick diameter (i.e. anterior-posterior diameter of liver)of liver mear-suing at right midclavicular and preaxillar line are compared with body surface area and thoraxic width(transverse diameter)and thickness, the thick diameter has relevance to them closely (r= 0.3159-0.4409, P

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop a scale of free nursing home adjustment for the elderly in Korea. METHOD: The developmental processes were construction of a conceptual framework, development of preliminary items, verification of content validity, twice data gathering, verification of construct validity, and reliability of final items. The first 53 preliminary items were obtained through review of literatures about nursing home adjustment and in depth interviews with 5 staffs of nursing home. These items were reviewed by five specialists for content validity and 39 items were chosen. The first data was collected from 107 elderly residing in 3 nursing homes and the second survey was from 147 residents who were living in five nursing homes. Finally this data was analyzed for construct validity and reliability. RESULT: There were 23 final items which were sorted into 5 factors. The factors were identified as 'Relocation distress symptom'(8items), 'Making friends'(4items), 'Acceptance of new residence' (6items), 'Difficulty in group life'(3items), and 'Having self-worth'(2items). The cumulative percent of variance was 53.466%. The reliability of the scale, Cronbach's alpha was .837. CONCLUSION: The result of this study could be used for measuring nursing home adjustment of the elderly. However, for further validity and reliability, repeated researches are needed.
Adaptation, Psychological ; Aged/*psychology ; Aged, 80 and over/*psychology ; Female ; *Homes for the Aged ; Humans ; Interviews as Topic ; Male ; Middle Aged/*psychology ; *Nursing Homes ; Questionnaires ; Reproducibility of Results ; Stress, Psychological

PURPOSE: The number of residents in elderly institution has been increasing due to the change of the family support system. This study was focused on understanding the process of adjustment of the institutionalized elderly using the Grounded Theory approach. METHOD: There were seven participants, 4 men and 3 women living in 3 different elderly facilities. The data was collected through in-depth interviews and participant observation from June 20, 1999 to January 10, 2000 and analyzed by the Strauss and Corbin's analysis method. RESULT: 125 concepts were found and grouped into 30 sub-categories and then grouped into 13 categories. These categories are , , , , , , , , , , , and , which were synthesized into the process of adjustment. being the core category. The adjustment process of the facility elderly consisted of: 1. expressive phase of 'reluctance' 2. control phase of 'reluctance' 3. latent phase of 'reluctance' CONCLUSION: This study offers better understandings on the adjustment process of the institutionalized elderly and provides more appropriate nursing care to the New Comers of these facilities.
Aged* ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Nursing Care

The purpose of this study was to develop a job stress scale for hospital-based home care nurses in Korea. The process was construction of the conceptual framework, development of the preliminary items, verification of the content validity, item analysis and test of the reliability. The preliminary items were based on literature review and in-depth interviews with home care nurses. As a result, eight categories and sixty items were selected. These were reviewed by seven specialists for content validity and finally fifty one items were chosen. Data was collected from 180 home care nurses who were engaged in 87 hospitals from August to September 2003. The result of item analysis one was excepted. The final item count was 50. Categories were as follows: overload work(8 items), lack of specialized knowledge and technique(5 items), ethical dilemma(4 items), role conflict(5 items), interpersonal relationships(6 items), visiting home environment(9 items), driving conditions(4 items) and lack of administrative support(9 items), The reliability of the scale by Cronbach's alpha was .948 and the domain's reliability ranged from .649 to .841. The result of this study could be used to measure the job stress of home care nurses. However, for further validity and reliability, repeated studies will be necessary.
Adult ; Female ; *Home Care Services, Hospital-Based ; Humans ; Job Satisfaction ; Korea ; Middle Aged ; Nurses/*psychology ; *Nursing Services ; Questionnaires ; Stress, Psychological/diagnosis/*etiology

No abstract available.
Sweetening Agents*

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the experiences of acute care hospital nurses’ on spiritual care with focus group interviews. Methods: Data were collected from 24 nurses recruited from one acute-care hospital in a southern province of Korea. Six focus groups were assembled considering age and religion. All interviews were recorded and transcribed. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: Five categories with 14 sub-categories emerged: 1) ambiguous concept: confusing terms, an additional job; 2) assessment of spiritual care needs: looking for spiritual care needs, not recognizing spiritual care needs; 3) spiritual care practices: active spiritual care, passive spiritual care ; 4) outcomes of spiritual care: comfort of the recipient, comfort of the provider; and 5) barriers to spiritual care: fear of criticism from others, lack of education, lack of time, space constraints, and absence of a recording system. Conclusion Participants perceived spiritual care as an uncertain concept. Some participants recognized it as a form of nursing care, and others did not. They practiced spiritual care in acute-care settings according to their personal perceptions of spiritual care. Therefore, in order to perform spiritual nursing in acute-care hospitals, it is a priority for nurses to recognize the concept of spiritual nursing accurately. It is also necessary to prepare a hospital environment suitable for the provision of spiritual care.

Acute appendicitis is the most common acute surgical condition of the abdomen. when the clinical presentationis atypical, barium enema has proven to be safe and useful in confirming the diagnosis and reducing the negativesurgical exploration. However, the performance of barium enema in acute appendicitis has known contraindicationprimarily because of fear of leakage by perforation of the inflammed appendix. This study using barium enema as adiagnostic aid in acute appendicitis with atypical clinical presentation was performed to further support thepreviously noted efficacy and safety of this procedure. The results were as followings: 1. In case of acuteappendicitis with atypical clinical presentation, the use of barium enema as a diagnostic aid increased theaccuracy of diagnosis and decreased the negative surgical exploration. In women between 11 to 50 years old age,especially, it played important role differentiating appendicitis from nonsurgical acute abdomen. 2. The resultsof the study were 92.31% in sensitivity, 7.69% in false positive, 6.9% in false negative, and 10.26% in negativeappendectomy. 4. A simple partial or nonfilling of appendix without other associated possitive finding could notexclude appendicitis, therefore, close clinial observation was necessary. 5. The positive findings of barium enemaand their sensitivity were as followings: 1. Nonfilling of appendix: 9% 2. Partial filling of appendix: 91.7% 3.Displacement or a local impression on temrinal ileum: 100% *, In all cases, combined with a local impression oncecum and/or irritability of cecum or terminal ileum.
Abdomen ; Abdomen, Acute ; Appendicitis ; Appendix ; Barium ; Cecum ; Diagnosis ; Enema ; Female ; Humans ; Ileum

The experiment was performed to investigate changes of maternal immune status during the pregnancy. We observed the distribution of several immune cells [macrophage, activated B-cell, IgM+ B-cell, Lyt-2+ T-cell and L3T4+ T-cells] in the utero-placental interface and the peripheral blood of Balb/c mice. The experimental animals were divided into seven groups by the gestational ages ; virgin, 2nd, 5th, 8th, 10th, 14th and 19th day of pregnancy. In the utero-placental interface, the distribution patterns of the lymphocytes [both T and B] and macrophages were observed. Histochemical staining by naphthol-AS-MX phosphate sodium salt was used for the detection of activated B-cells. For the detection of macrophage, plasma cell, suppressor cell and helper cell, all the prepared samples reacted with Rat anti-mouse Mac-1, goat anti-mouse IgM, rat anti-Lyt2 and rat anti-L3T4 antibody first, and washed. Second reaction was done with biotinylated anti-rat or anti-mouse IgG anti-bodies, and washed. Avidin-biotin -peroxidase complex and 3, 3`-diamino-benzidine[DAB] were used for the visualization of specific cells. T-cells and B-cells were not observed during the all stages of pregnancy. By contrast, macrophages were observed a few at the perimetrium on the second day of gestation, and they were found at the outermost portion of the trophoblastic layer on the 8th day, and they were observed at the decidua basalis in late pregnancy after the 10th day when the placenta were well developed. In the peripheral blood, activated B-cells were not observed throughout the pregnancy. On the 8th day, the proportion of plasma cells to total mononuclear cells was decreased significantly to 16+/-2.4% compared with the virgin group[22+/-2.6%][p<0.01]. It increased again and it reached 42+/-5.8% on the 14th day and 37+/-4.9% on the 19th day. Helper T-cells were decreased on the 14th day[30+/-2.4%] compared with the normal control[47+/-5.1%]. But, Suppressor T-cells were increased on the 8th day[35+/-2.9%] and the 10th day[33+/-3.6%] compared with the normal controls[27+/-2.3%]. This decrement returned to the level of the normal controls on the 14th day and 19th day. Together with our previous data, we could find the synchronized changes of immune cells in utero-placental interface, uterus draining lymph nodes, peripheral blood and spleen. Therefore, we suggest that macrophages in utero-placental interface may play an important role for the immune responses against the fetal transplantation antigen.
Animals ; B-Lymphocytes* ; Decidua ; Female ; Gestational Age ; Goats ; Immunoglobulin G ; Immunoglobulin M ; Lymph Nodes ; Lymphocytes ; Macrophages* ; Mice* ; Placenta ; Plasma Cells ; Pregnancy ; Rats ; Sodium ; Spleen ; T-Lymphocytes ; T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer ; Trophoblasts ; Uterus