The integration of medical humanities and College English is based on the actual needs of the development of College English and medical humanities in medical colleges and universities in China. Under the guidance of theory of content and language integrated learning (CLIL), the medical humanities and College English integrated teaching should use English medical literature and medical videos to develop students' medical humanities literacy. It should adoptstudent-centeredteaching approaches, such as case-based teaching, task-based teaching, medical humanistic practice, and autonomous learning. It should also optimize the evaluation methods. The purpose of the teaching model is to create a real English learning context for medical humanities in which students can improve their English proficiency, enrich their medical humanities literacy, and expand their international horizon as well.

The Master of Translation and Interpreting (MTI) program in Universities of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) in China should be committed to cultivating translation knowledge, medical knowl-edge, core translation competences and related translation professionalism. The program should develop various courses focusing on bilingual language ability, translation knowledge, translation strategy, TCM knowledge, intercultural communication competence, terminology and information communication technology. It should adopt student-centered teaching approaches and engage in the cultivation of faculty in order to improve the translation competence for MTI students in TCM universities.

Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis ; diagnosis ; pathology ; therapy

The basic functions of the Na+/K+ -ATPase is to maintain the balance of the Na+/K+ electrochemical gradient. The latter is indispensable for maintaining cell osmotic pressure,regulating cell volume,and maintaining excitable membrane resting potential. The maintenance of the Na+/K+ -ATPase activity plays the important roles in neurotransmitter uptake in neurons and Ca2+ effiux. The decreased Na+/K+ -ATPase activity and dysfunction participate in the process of ischemic brain injury after cerebral ischemia. Ischemic precondi-tioning induces ischemic tolerance by maintaining the Na+/K+ -ATPase activity after ischemia.Cardiotonic steroids and citicoline may play a neuroprotective effect on cerebral ischemia by improving the Na +/K+ -ATPase activity.

After being activated by the growth factor-mediated receptor tyrosine kinase phosphorylation, Akt activates a series of substrate molecules, including Forkhead transcription factors etc, which regulate cell survival and death. With the changes of Akt phosphorylation levels (Ser473) after cerebral ischemia, its upstream and downstream protein phosphorylation levels have also changed. Preconditioning may produce ischemic tolerance by changing the levels of Akt protein phosphoryiation. Dysfunction of Akt/PKB signal transduction pathway may mediated neuronal death after cerebral ischemia.

Protein kinase B (PKB), a serine/threonine kinase Akt, regulates many vital cellular functions, such as cell apoptosis, cell cycle progression and glucose metabolism, etc. Akt/PKB carries out these functions mainly through phosphorylation of a number of cellular substrates. As one of the important substrates of Akt, FOXO transcription factors have attracted more and more attention in regulating cell cycle and apoptosis. FOXO transcription factors are primarily regulated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signal pathway via phosphorylation,and re-positioning accompanied by sub-cellular distribution. This article reviews the role of FOXO transcri ption factors in neuronal apoptosis after cerebral ischemia.

p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is an important intracellular signaling transduction pathway.Its major role is involved in inflammatory regulation and apoptosis.p38 MAPK is activated during the cerebral ischemia.Its expression level and the upstream and downstream protein phosphorylation levels will change.Ischemic preconditioning may mediate the survival or death of neuronal cells after cerebral ischemia through signaling transduction pathway.

Autophagy is a degradation process of intracellular composition.It can be divided into four different stages,including initiation,elongation,maturation and autophagosome breakdown.Its role is associated with the degree of cell damage.Moderate activation of autophagy in the case of starvation and hypoxia can promote cell survival; whereas excessive activation during cerebral ischemia can cause cell lysis and promote cell death.Preconditioning may produce ischemic tolerance by appropriate activation of autophagy.Autophagy is strictly regulated by a variety of protein kinases,apoptotic molecules and oxidative stress pathways.

Hypoxia-induciole factor-1 (HIF-1) is an important transcription factor.It participates in the body's response to the hypoxic environment mainly through its active subunit HIF-1α.During cerebral ischemia and hypoxia,the expression of HIF-1α is upregulated and may activate the expressions of multiple downstream target genes involving glycolysis,vascular growth,cell survival and apoptosis.It has an important significance for the improvement of energy metabolism and the establishment of microcirculation after cerebral ischemia.HIF-1α can not only promote the neuronal survival,but also mediate delayed neuronal death.A variety of preconditioning and postconditioning methods may regulate the survival and death of neuronal cells by activating HIF-1α.