Research examining whether psychological eating style is related to healthy or unhealthy eating patterns is required to explain the mechanisms underlying non-communicable diseases and obesity. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether eating style predicts thenature of food consumption. This was a cross-sectional study of 588 adults (males = 231 and females = 357). Eating style (i.e. restrained, emotional, external eating) was measured using the short version of the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ). The nature of food consumption was assessed using self-reports of consumption of fruits and vegetables, sweet foods, junk food, and snacks.The results revealed that restrained eating was higher in females and overweight participants. External eating,a higher frequency of snacking,and a higher frequency of junk food consumptionwere more prevalent among the younger participants. Consistent with previous Western studies, emotional eating was found to be the main predictor of consumption of less healthful foods (sweet foods, junk food, and snacks), whereas external eatingpredicted the intake of sweet foods. The intake of fruits and vegetableswas associated with restrained eating. In light of the significant associations between eating style and the nature of food consumption, acknowledging individuals’ eating styleshas implications for tailoring effective nutritional programs that address obesity and the chronic disease epidemic.
eating style ; food consumption ; adults ; Malaysia

OBJECTIVE: We studied two districts in Korea in order to investigate if the frequency of fish consumption has an effect on the blood mercury levels. METHODS: This survey was conducted on 164 fishing district residents in Geoje city and 219 agricultural district residents in Changwon city from July to August in 2008. The data on the demographic characteristics, the living environment, lifestyle habits and the frequency of fish consumption was collected by interviewers. We used ANOVA to estimate the particular relevance between the frequency of fish consumption and the blood mercury concentration, and other various factors. RESULTS: The mean total blood mercury level was 6.54+/-4.01 microgram/L for the total study population. Our results were even higher than that of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (USA) in, 2001~2002 and the German Environmental Survey in, 1998. In this study, there was a significant difference for the frequency of eating fish between the groups. (p<0.01, The level of the groups that ate fish 3 to 4 times per week was significantly higher as compared with the level of the other groups that ate fish 2 to 3 times per month and 1 to 2 times per week, respectively). As the frequency of fish consumption increased, so did the blood mercury concentration. CONCLUSIONS: We found that the blood mercury concentration increases along with fish consumption and this was statistically significant and this fact reveals that fish consumption is positively related to the blood levels of mercury. Accordingly, we need systematic and periodic research on the general population to prevent mercury poisoning, which can be caused by low-level mercury exposure from dietary intake such as chronic fish consumption.
Eating ; Korea ; Life Style ; Mercury Poisoning ; Nutrition Surveys

This research has been surveyed on street food and snack intake status of elementary school students in the Jeon Buk region and the recognition of mothers has been observed for the objective of providing base materials for appropriate eating habits and nutritional education. As for status on intake of street food, most students (97.3%) have shown to have eaten from the street vendors while mothers assume low frequency in their child's intake of street food. Favorite street food choices had an agreement between mother and student as ddukbokki and dakkochi. Students were more tolerant in sanitation and necessity of street food than the mothers. This research shows that there is a difference in the recognition of street food between the students and their mothers. There a need required for improvement in the system as to provide quality food and to prevent poor quality food being exposed to the students. Furthermore, practical and appropriate education must be conducted at home and at school for better choices of food and a better lifestyle.
Commerce ; Eating ; Humans ; Life Style ; Mothers ; Sanitation ; Snacks

The aim of the study was to evaluate the association between physical activity level, sedentary behaviour and eating habits with obesity indices of body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR)) among Jordanian adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the capital city of Jordan, Amman. The participants were 735 secondary school males (386) and females (349) aged 14-18 years who were randomly selected using a multistage stratified cluster sampling technique. Weight, height, BMI, waist circumference (WC), WHtR, screen time, physical activity level, and eating habits were assessed. Results: Compared with males, females were significantly (p<0.05) less physically active, skipped breakfast more frequently, consumed more sweets and potato chips and had less fruits and milk intake. The results of analysis of covariance showed that overweight and obesity (based on BMI or WHtR categories) were significantly (p< 0.05) different with regard to gender, type of school, lower intakes (<3 d/week) of breakfast, milk and sugar sweetened drinks. Conclusion: Knowledge of the factors that contribute to obesity could be used in preventive programmes for the control of obesity among adolescents in Jordan. Promotion of physical activity and healthy dietary habits among Jordanian adolescents is urgently needed.
Obesity ; Eating ; Feeding Behavior ; Body Mass Index ; Life Style

PURPOSE: Changes in eating habits and malnutrition due to dysphagia are important health problems for older adults. This study investigated the effects of an educational program aimed at improving diet quality in community-dwelling older adults at risk for dysphagia in South Korea. METHODS: We assessed 27 individuals in the experimental group and 26 individuals in the control group between September and October 2015. All participants were aged 65 years or older and were at risk for dysphagia. A combined diet and exercise program was applied to the experimental group (n = 27) for six weeks. We examined changes in participants' eating habits and their knowledge and attitudes concerning dysphagia risk. The nutrition intake of all participants was measured before and after the intervention using 24-hr dietary recall. RESULTS: There was a significant increase in knowledge of dysphagia risk in the experimental group, with scores increasing from 3.7 to 7.1, out of 10 points (p < 0.001). There were also significant improvements in eating habits after the intervention in the experimental group, with scores increasing from 21.9 to 28.3, out of 36 points (p < 0.001). The attitude score of participants in the experimental group increased significantly, from 15.2 to 16.7, out of 20 points (p = 0.016). CONCLUSION: Developing educational programs can help older adults living in the community lead a healthier lifestyle and improve their ability to manage their diet.
Adult* ; Deglutition Disorders* ; Diet ; Eating ; Humans ; Korea* ; Life Style ; Malnutrition

Mindfulness training is growing in popularity as an adjunctive intervention in disordered eating and weight loss. Lifestyle modification, pharmacologic treatment, and surgical intervention have been widely used for weight reduction in obese persons, but these modifications are sometimes insufficient. In particular, stress-induced eating and binge-eating disorder have been frequently associated with increased risk of regaining weight. Initial research suggests that mindfulness training may be an effective intervention for binge eating. In this article, we reviewed 19 studies that investigated mindfulness training as an intervention for weight change and/or emotional eating. Results suggest that mindfulness training effectively decreases emotional eating in persons with good adherence to the training; evidence for its effect on weight reduction, however, is mixed. Further large-scale studies are warranted to explore the effectiveness of mindfulness training on long-term weight loss and emotional eating in persons with obesity.
Binge-Eating Disorder ; Bulimia ; Cognitive Therapy ; Eating ; Humans ; Life Style ; Mindfulness ; Obesity ; Overweight ; Weight Loss ; Weight Reduction Programs

This study investigated the rates and reasons for breakfast skipping according to gender, age, and lifestyle related factors in Korean adults. The survey was conducted using questionnaires and the subjects included 1148 male and female adults aged 19-64. The rate of breakfast skipping (frequency of eating breakfast under 4 times/week) was 41.20% of the total subjects. The breakfast skipping rate of the male subjects was significantly higher than that of the female subjects (p < 0.001). As age and household income decreased, the breakfast skipping rate increased. Residents in small cities more frequently skipped breakfast than those in larger cities. The main reason for breakfast skipping was "lack of time for the preparation and consumption of food" and this reason was especially higher for office workers and younger adults among the participants. In addition, the proportion of habitual breakfast skippers increased with age. Among the answers regarding the person who prepares breakfast in their households, the highest proportion was for "family members" in the males and "myself" for the females. Of breakfast skippers, 77.63% answered that they consumed breakfast substitutes such as breads, dairy and fruits/vegetables. To summarize the results, the gender, age and lifestyle factors of adults were significantly related to the rates and reasons for breakfast skipping. Therefore, to reduce breakfast skipping in Korean adults, a differentiated nutritional education approach relative to gender, age, and lifestyle is needed along with the development of balanced breakfast substitutes.
Adult ; Aged ; Bread ; Breakfast ; Eating ; Family Characteristics ; Female ; Humans ; Life Style ; Male ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: This study was performed to investigate the level of obesity awareness and to help to prevent and to treat obesity by examining the relationship between knowledge of obesity and life style. METHODS: Of the students who were surveyed, 1514 answered seriously and were accepted as subjects for the study. The questionaire was anonymous and was filled in by the students themselves. Body mass index was used to compare and analyze the subjects according to gender and age, with 85 percentiles or lower as group one, 86-94 percentiles as group two, and 95 percentiles or higher as group three. RESULTS: Among the boys, level of obesity-awareness was significantly higher(P<0.01) in the obese group than in the normal-weight group. Among the girls, there was no difference in the level of obesity-awareness among the groups(P=0.332). The knowledge of obesity between the groups was not significantly different in either boys or girls. As for the relationship between healthy eating habits and knowledge of obesity, there were no significant differences in either boys or girls. There was no significant difference between the habit of regular exercise and the knowledge level of obesity in either boys or girls. CONCLUSIONS: Although this was a localized study and the students were aware of the seriousness of obesity to a certain extent, there was no difference in knowledge of obesity between normal-weight students and obese students. Also, there was no relationship between knowledge of obesity and healthy eating habits or the presence/absence of regular exercises.
Anonyms and Pseudonyms ; Body Mass Index* ; Eating* ; Exercise ; Female ; Humans ; Life Style* ; Obesity*

BACKGROUND: Children of obese parents are more likely to be obese themselves. Parental lifestyle habits could induce or aggravate children's obesity. This study was conducted to assess the relationship between parental lifestyle habits and children's overweight. METHODS: Children who were enrolled in this study were first grade students from elementary schools in Gwacheon and Seoul. A total of 121 children (50 overweight children and 71 normal weight children) and their parents underwent anthropometric measurements and also were surveyed by a questionnaire. RESULTS: The children of obese parents were more likely to be diagnosed as overweight compared to the children whose parents were normal weight (Father: P=0.037, Mother: P=0.001). Among the paternal lifestyle habits, hours of watching TV or computer usage (adjusted odd ratio =2.08, 95% CI=0.90~4.80) and eating frequency of soda, ice cream, cake and chips (adjusted OR=5.77, 95% CI=1.65~20.22) were found to be related to their children being overweight. Among the maternal lifestyle habits, hours of watching TV or computer usage (adjusted OR=2.35, 95% CI=0.99~5.58), the frequency of eating breakfast (adjusted OR: 2.48, 95% CI=1.07~5.75) and the frequency of overeating (adjusted OR: 2.15, 95% CI=0.91~5.11) were found to be related to their children being overweight. Additive adjustment of children's lifestyle habits made the relationship between maternal lifestyle habits and children's overweight reduced. However, the odds ratio of paternal lifestyle habits was not reduced. CONCLUSION: Parental obesigenic lifestyle habits were related to children's overweight. Maternal lifestyle habits could affect her children's weight via an effect on her children's lifestyle habits
Breakfast ; Child ; Eating ; Humans ; Hyperphagia ; Ice Cream ; Life Style ; Motor Activity ; Obesity ; Odds Ratio ; Overweight ; Parents

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship among life style, body composition and Bone Mineral Density (BMD) in community dwelling Korean adults. METHODS: Data were collected from 140 adults who participated in a health check-up program at community health departments in D city, Choong-chung providence. Subjects' life style was assessed with a structured interview survey. Body composition analyses were performed by the bioimpedence method and BMD was measured by peripheral dual energy X-ray absorptionmetry. RESULTS: Among the subjects, 39.3% showed normal BMD values, 50.7% were osteopenic and 10% were assessed as osteoporotic. BMD was significantly different by gender, age, education, economic status and BMI. Subjects who had three or more meals/day had higher BMD then who had less than three meals (t=-2.273, p=.026). BMD was not influenced by regular exercise, alcohol consumption, or smoking. In terms of body composition, there was a significant relationship between fat free mass and BMD (r=.172, p=.043). CONCLUSION: Implementing an osteoporosis prevention program would be warrented considering the significant proportion of osteopenic or osteoporotic subjects. Regular eating habit with three meals for adequate nutrition need to be emphasized to prevent further bone loss in this population. Among the body composition, fat free mass seem to be the mostly predicting factor for BMD.
Adult ; Alcohol Drinking ; Body Composition ; Bone Density ; Eating ; Humans ; Life Style ; Meals ; Osteoporosis ; Smoke ; Smoking