OBJECTIVE: To stereospecifically synthesize disaccharide galactopyranosyl(α1 → 2) glucopyranoside with protecting groups which are easily and selectively deprotected. METHODS: With D-glucose as a raw material, a donor methyl 3, 4, 6-tri-O-benzoyl-β-D-glucopyranoside was synthesized through acetylation, bromination, methylation, deacetylation, benzylidenation, selective benzoylation, chloroacetylation, and dechloroacetylation; the glucopyranosyl acceptor and a donor isopropyl 3-O-allyl-2-O-benzoyl-4, 6-O-benzylidene-β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside were reacted at catalysis to achieve an α-coupled product. RESULTS: At the catalysis of TMSOTf/NIS, galactopyranosyl donor and glucopyranosyl acceptor were coupled to afford stereospecifically a full protected disaccharide galactopyranosyl(α1 → 2) glucopyranoside fragment, methyl 3-O-allyl-2-O-benzoyl-4, 6-O-benzylidene-α-D-galactopyranosyl(1 → 2)-3, 4, 6-tri-O-benzoyl-β-D-glucopyranoside. All products were characterized with NMR and MS etc. CONCLUSION: A full protected 1, 2-cis disaccharide fragment was stereospecifically obtained through coupling reaction due to concerted effect of the special configurations of the galactopyranosyl donor and the glucopyranosyl acceptor. Copyright 2012 by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.

Glycine ; analogs & derivatives ; toxicity ; Herbicides ; toxicity

Objective : To investigate the mortality of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and to examine the effects on life expectancy among residents in Yuhang District of Hangzhou City from 2010 to 2020, so as to provide insights into the management of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Methods: The mortality surveillance data of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases of registered residents in Yuhang District from 2010 to 2020 were collected from Zhejiang All-cause Death Surveillance System. The crude mortality, standardized mortality, annual percent change ( APC ), Fulfillment index, life expectancy, cause-eliminated life expectancy and years of life lost, and the mortality of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and the impact on life expectancy were analyzed. Results: A total of 21 761 deaths occurred due to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in Yuhang District from 2010 to 2020, and the annual average crude and standardized mortality rates of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases were 206.14/105 and 129.62/105, respectively. The annual crude and standardized mortality of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases both appeared a tendency towards a decline from 2010 to 2020, with APC of -3.63% and -5.45%, respectively ( P<0.05 ), and the Fulfillment index showed a tendency towards a reduction in residents at ages of 50 to 79 years ( P<0.05 ). The mean life expectancy and cause-eliminated life expectancy were 82.71 and 88.39 years in Yuhang District from 2010 to 2020, which both appeared a tendency towards a rise, both with APC of 0.50% ( P<0.05 ). The years of life lost were 5.02 to 6.47 years due to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and the life loss rates were 6.00% to 7.73%. Conclusions The mortality of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases appeared a tendency towards a decline decreased and the cause-eliminated life expectancy appeared a tendency towards a rise in Yuhang District from 2010 to 2020. Intensifying the management of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases death may increase the life expectancy.

Acute Disease ; Adult ; Central Nervous System Diseases ; diagnosis ; etiology ; Decompression Sickness ; complications ; diagnosis ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Young Adult

Objective To investigate the value of the combined test in the diagnosis of thalassemia and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) .Methods From August 2013 to February 2015 ,36 patients with thalassemia ,34 patients with IDA ,and 30 healthy people who had undergone physical examination were enrolled in the study .The blood samples of those people were tested ,and items of the combined test included content of red blood cell volume(MCA) ,red blood cell volume distribution width(RDW) ,hemoglobin(Hb) electrophoresis and red blood cell(RBC) .Results The patients with IDA or thalassemia had reduced MCA and RBC fragile ,pa‐tients with IDA had increased RDW ,and patients with thalassemia had increased HbA2 ,compared with the control group the differ‐ences were all statistically significant(P<0 .05) .The sensitivity of RDW to IDA was 70 .6% ,and to thalassemia was 77 .8% ,the difference was not statistically significant (P> 0 .05) .The sensitivities of MCV ,Hb electrophoresis ,RBC fragility to thalassemia were 97 .2% ,88 .9% ,77 .8% respectively ,and the specificity were 80 .0% ,90 .0% ,83 .3% respectively .The sensitivities of MCA test combined with Hb electrophoresis ,hemoglobin electrophoresis combined with RBC brittleness test and parallel combined test of MCA ,Hb electrophoresis and RBC brittleness to thalassemia were 100 .0% ,97 .2% ,100 .0% respectively ,which were significantly higher than those of single tests ;the specificities were 96 .7% ,100 .0% and 100 .0% respectively ,which were significantly higher than those of single tests ;the differences were statistically significant(P<0 .05) .Conclusion The application of hematological pa‐rameters ,Hb and RBC in the diagnosis of anemia and IDA could significantly improve the diagnostic accuracy ,and it is worthy of popularization and application .

OBJECTIVETo explore the efficacy differences in early intervention of different acupuncture and moxibustion methods on gastrocnemius fatigue in rats induced by electrical stimulation.

METHODSFifty male SD rats were randomly divided into a control group, a model group, a hand acupuncture group, an electroacupuncture group and a moxibustion group, 10 rats in each group. Electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve was given in the control group and gastrocnemius fatigue test was induced by electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve in the model group after anesthesia without other treatment, but just take 6 times interval stimulation in the control group. The hand acupuncture group, the electroacupuncture group and the moxibustion group were treated with the corresponding acupoints stimulation method respectively for 20 min before gastrocnemius fatigue test, and Dazhui (GV 14) and Zusanli (ST 36) were selected. Immediately after gastrocnemius fatigue test, three or four gastrocnemius tissues at the same site on the right side were quickly taken for making specimen for transmission electron microscope (TEM). The changes of skeletal muscle ultrastructure of myofibrils, mitochondria, sarcoplasmic reticulum, glycogen particles were observed under TEM.

RESULTS(1) Muscle fibers disorder, partial mitochondrial vacuolization and glycogen particles smaller were shown in the model group. (2) No abnormalities were shown in the hand acupuncture group and the moxibustion group with mitochondrial morphology and number, which better than that in the model group, and glycogen particles increased. (3) Abnormal changes in morphology were shown in the electroacupuncture group with part of the muscle fibers derangement, Z line malalignment and a few mitochondria vacuolization.

CONCLUSIONHand acupuncture, electroacupuncture and moxibustion have the different effects on ultrastructure of gastrocoemius in rats. Acupuncture and moxibustion have shown good effects on the prevention and treatment of exercise-induced skeletal muscle cell and organelle damage and delaying exercise-induced fatigue.

Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Animals ; Glycogen ; metabolism ; Male ; Mitochondria ; metabolism ; ultrastructure ; Moxibustion ; Muscle, Skeletal ; metabolism ; ultrastructure ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

During the process of electroacupuncture (EA) therapy, whether there being a corrosive effect in ac- upuncture needles was observed. Acupuncture needles were inserted into a rabbit's acupoint to perform a 12-hour electrical stimulation with three types of common EA waveform; additionally two needles were put in 0.9% sodium chloride solution with 12-hour direct current. Afterwards, environmental scanning electron microscope was applied to detect the surface physical characteristics of acupuncture needles. As a result, after a 12-hour continued electri- cal stimulation with three types of common EA waveform in the rabbit, there was no corrosive effect in acupunc- ture needles; but the direct current could cause severe corrosion in acupuncture needles. It is believed that there is no corrosion effect on acupuncture needles in current EA treatment, and some accidents reported in literature may be related to quality of EA device or improper manipulation during the treatment.
Acupuncture Points ; Animals ; Corrosion ; Electroacupuncture ; instrumentation ; Male ; Needles ; adverse effects ; Rabbits

The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on learning-memory of rats with low estrogen-induced cognitive impairment and the possible mechanism. The rat model was established by ovariectomy, which resulted in low estrogen-induced cognitive impairment. EA was applied continuously for 3 months 2 weeks after ovariectomy. Morris water maze was used to test the ability of spatial learning and memory. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time quantitative RT-PCR were used to detect the concentration of serum estradiol (E2) and relative expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) mRNA in hippocampus, respectively. The result showed that, compared with the sham group, the ovariectomy model group exhibited longer escape latency, reduced number of platform-crossing, lower concentration of serum E2, and decreased expression of ChAT mRNA in hippocampus. EA shortened the escape latency and increased the number of platform-crossing in the ovariectomy model group. Moreover, the concentration of serum E2 and the hippocampal expression of ChAT mRNA in the ovariectomy model group were significantly elevated by EA treatment. These results suggest EA is capable of improving learning and memory in ovariectomized rats, and the mechanism involves the up-regulation of the expression of ChAT mRNA in hippocampus induced by the increase of the serum concentration of estrogen.
Animals ; Choline O-Acetyltransferase ; metabolism ; Cognition Disorders ; therapy ; Electroacupuncture ; Estradiol ; blood ; deficiency ; Female ; Hippocampus ; enzymology ; Learning ; Memory ; Ovariectomy ; RNA, Messenger ; Rats

Objective:To investigate the value of histogram analysis of ultrasound gray scale in differential diagnosis of triple negative breast invasive ductal carcinoma (TN-IDC) and non-triple-negative breast invasive ductal carcinoma (NTN-IDC).Methods:Totally 195 patients with invasive ductal carcinoma confirmed by pathology in Hubei Cancer Hospital from September 2017 to July 2020 were retrospectively analyzed.According to immunohistochemical results after surgery, 195 patients were divided into TN-IDC group ( n=44) and NTN-IDC group ( n=151). All cases were retrospectively analyzed to observe the ultrasonoscopy histogram features of tumors and obtain the histogram parameters, including mean, variance, skewness, kurtosis and percentile gray-scale values. The histogram parameters of TN-IDC were compared with those of NTN-IDC. The ROC curves were constructed to observe the efficiency of differential diagnosis. Results:The values of variance, 90th and 99th percentiles in TN-IDC group were much lower than those in NTN-IDC group (all P<0.05). The values of mean, skewness, kurtosis and other percentile (1st, 10th, and 50th) values between the two groups were not significantly different(all P>0.05). The optimal cutoff value for the accurate identification of TN-IDC and NTN-IDC groups was 552.85 for variance[sensitivity 75.0%, specificity 79.5%, positive predictive value(PPV) 51.6%, negative predictive value(NPV) 91.6%, accuracy 78.5%, and area under curve 0.829, respectively]. The optimal cutoff value for the accurate identification of TN-IDC and NTN-IDC groups was 74 for 90th percentile (sensitivity 68.2%, specificity 57.6%, PPV 31.9%, NPV 86.1%, accuracy 60.0%, and area under curve 0.648, respectively). The optimal cutoff value for the accurate identification of the two groups was 107 for 99th percentile (sensitivity 75.0%, specificity 77.5%, PPV 49.3%, NPV 91.4%, accuracy 76.9%, and area under curve 0.772, respectively). Conclusions:Histogram analysis of ultrasound gray scale can provide certain value for the differential diagnosis of TN-IDC and NTN-IDC, the variance and 99th percentile values could perform better.