Aims: This study evaluated the accuracy of three methods used in the identification of Aeromonas hydrophila, a Gramnegative bacterium found in warm aquatic environments. A. hydrophila samples from Indonesia were tested using (a) SNI 7303, developed by the Indonesian government, (b) the method of Dorsch and (c) the method of Cascón. The results obtained were compared to that of the gold standard method, which used 16S rDNA sequences. Methodology and results: Based on the Indonesian government standard identification method SNI7303, we identified 56 out of 95 samples as A. hydrophila. The samples were then screened using the PCR amplification approach developed by Dorsch and Cascón. Of the 56 samples, only 20 samples were found to be positive by either the Dorsch or Cascón methods. DNA from these 20 samples was amplified using common 16S rDNA primers and the sequences compared with available 16S rDNA sequences from the GenBank. Phylogenetic analyses on the data were performed using Clustal X and MEGA 5 software. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: Of the 56 samples positively identified as A. hydrophila using the BSN method, identity in only five samples were positively confirmed using the16S rDNA method, giving an accuracy of only 8.9%. In this connection, the Dorsch method was 31.3% accurate while the Cascón method provided 45.5% correct identification. When all three methods were used in combination, 71.4% of the samples were correctly identified. The results of the study show that methods used to identify A. hydrophila cannot be used with confidence to identify A. hydrophila from Indonesia and probably from other tropical regions as well. The genetic diversity of Aeromonas bacteria in Indonesia appears to be considerably higher than that encountered by Dorsch or Cascón. Therefore, there is a need to develop a new simple method to identify A. hydrophila from tropical regions.
Aeromonas hydrophila

Mouse and vole embryos were allogeneically and xenogeneically transferred into pseudopregnant CD.1 and immunodeficient (seid)female mice,and we investigated the distribution of uterine leucocytes cells in the implantation sites on days 5,6,and 7 of pregnancy. Maerophages were evenly distributed in the endometrium on days 5-7.Neutrophils were rarely seen on days 5-7,but lymphocytes were found throughout the endometrium,often in groups associated with glands or the luminal epithelium.The number of uNK cells increased markedly at the mesometrial uriangle and the outer decidual area in the CD-1 uteri containing vole embryos;by contrast,seid uteri having vole embryos showed almost the same number as those having mouse embryos.Mast cells were present in large numbers at the myometrium,but rarely in the decidua in all types of pregnant uteri.Cells at the myometrium were more numerous in xenogeneic than in allogeneic transfer.Maay mast cells appeared in the inner decidua where xenogeneically transferred vole embryos were dead and aborted.These results suggest the possibility that uterine leucocytes mediate various immunological events in the mouse-vole interspesific pregnancies.

The cases of morbidity and mortality of babies and toddlers are continue to occur because of negligence of the mothers in providing complete basic immunization to their babies. This study is a cross-sectional study that was conducted to identify the predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors that influence full basic immunization coverage. The study was performed on mothers who had 9-12 months old child spread in 22 villages, purposively selected through from 22 community health centers in Bangkalan District, Madura Island. 200 mothers were selected as the study's respondents. The data were collected through questionnaires and from the book of "Kesehatan Ibu dan Anak" (KIA). The result of the study was obtained using logistic regression statistical test and it showed that the factors that influenced of full basic immunization coverage in Bangkalan District, Madura Island, were family income as predisposing factor (OR=2.26; 95% CI= 1.14 to 4.51; p= 0.020); health facility as enabling factor (OR=3.03; 95% CI= 1.59 to 5.80; p= 0.001); and community leader support as reinforcing factor (OR=2.56; 95% CI= 1.33 to 4.92; p= 0.005).

Introduction: Micronutrient deficiencies are common in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. The long-term side effects of antiretroviral therapy (ART), specifically Azidothymine (AZT), include low serum levels of vitamin B12 and folate, which in turn, lead to megaloblastic anaemia and oral lesions. Methods: A crosssectional study was conducted to determine the associations between manifestation of oral lesions and serum vitamin B12 and folate levels in HIV-adult patients with or without receiving ART therapy. Oral lesions were determined based on the ECClearinghouse diagnostic criteria. Serum vitamin B12 and folate were assessed by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA). Sixty participants (48 males and 12 females) aged 20 to 51 years were recruited from a private hospital in Bandung, Indonesia. Results: Subnormal levels of serum vitamin B12 and folate were found in 16.6% and 6.7% HIV patients, respectively. Significantly lower serum levels of vitamin B12 and folate were shown in HIV patients receiving ART than those without ART. Oral lesions were found in all the participants with subnormal levels of serum vitamin B12 and folate. Presence of oral lesions was significantly associated with low levels of serum vitamin B12 in HIV patients with ART, but not with low folate levels. Conclusion: Low levels of serum vitamin B12 and folate were shown in HIV patients, indicating the need for early nutritional intervention to ensure optimal nutritional status and prevention of oral lesions in HIV patients.

STUDY DESIGN: Preliminary experimental study using a rabbit spondylitis model. PURPOSE: To observe the ossification in a micro-environment containing live Mycobacterium tuberculosis transplanted with bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) in rabbits. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: BMSCs differentiate to osteoblasts and then osteocytes during ossification. Mycobacterium tuberculosis does not affect BMSC growth in vitro. METHODS: Six rabbits were divided into two groups of three rabbits. One group was positive for spondylitis tuberculosis by culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and histopathologically. The other group was positive by PCR and histopathologically. Both groups were treated using BMSC transplantation and anti-tuberculosis drugs. After 6 weeks, ossification was evaluated by enumerating the number of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and lesion level of calcium. RESULTS: Mean number of osteoblasts was 207.00+/-31.00 in the first group and 220.33+/-73.46 in the second group. Mean number of intra-lesions osteocytes was in the first and second group was 18.33+/-30.04 and 31.00+/-26.87, respectively. Mean calcium level in the first group and second group was 2.94%+/-0.89% and 2.51%+/-0.13%, respectively. Total ossification score in the first and second group was 31.00 and 25.67, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Mycobacterium tuberculosis provides support for new bone formation by stimulating intra-lesion calcium metabolism. The microscopic environment containing live Mycobacterium tuberculosis enhances ossification.
Bone Marrow* ; Calcium ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells* ; Metabolism ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; Osteoblasts ; Osteocytes ; Osteogenesis* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Rabbits ; Spondylitis ; Tuberculosis

Introduction: Staircase is facilities functioned to connect floors. Stairs which are not ergonomic may cause fatigue and accident for the users. Universitas Airlangga Public Health Faculty Building is a three-story building. Each floor has 5 staircases on different sides. The aim of this study was to analyze the ergonomics aspects of the architectural design of the staircase. Method: This study used cross-sectional design with descriptive analysis. The measured dimensions of the staircase were riser's height, tread's depth, stairs width, stairs slope, landing, lighting level, handrail's height and diameter, and the presence of non-skid surface. The measurement tools were measuring tape, lux meter and cylinder bore gauge. Results: Measurement showed that all riser's height met the recommendation. Most tread's depth was below 30 cm. The width of Northwestern and Southwestern staircase was below the recommendation width, which was <125 cm. All slope of stairs was within the recommendation slope. The height and diameter of all handrails was 96 cm and 5.5 cm respectively and was above the recommendation. The lighting level during daytime on most staircase was above 100 lux but during nighttime was below 100 lux. There were landings that were wider than the stairs and non-skid surface at the edge of each tread. Conclusion: Most dimension of staircase (67.5%) in Universitas Airlangga Public Health Faculty Building met the design recommendation but the tread's depth, width of stairs, handrail's diameter and height, as well as the lighting on stairs need to be improved to make the stairs safer.

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of adult death in the Asia-Pacific Region, including Indonesia. As an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), TB remains a major public health issue especially in developing nations due to the lack of adequate diagnostic testing facilities. Diagnosis of TB has entered an era of molecular detection that provides faster and more cost-effective methods to diagnose and confirm drug resistance in TB cases, meanwhile, diagnosis by conventional culture systems requires several weeks. New advances in the molecular detection of TB, including the faster and simpler nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS), have resulted in a shorter time for diagnosis and, therefore, faster TB treatments. In this review, we explored the current findings on molecular diagnosis of TB and drug-resistant TB to see how this advancement could be integrated into public health systems in order to control TB.
Adult ; Communicable Diseases ; Developing Countries ; Diagnosis ; Diagnostic Tests, Routine ; Drug Resistance ; Humans ; Indonesia ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques ; Public Health ; Tuberculosis ; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant

OBJECTIVES: Elderly individuals with diabetes should maintain a normal body mass index (BMI) to help control their blood glucose levels. This study investigated barriers to physical activity (PA), self-efficacy to overcome those barriers, and PA self-efficacy among elderly individuals with diabetes in relation to BMI. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 56 participants. Data were collected by a questionnaire interview and direct measurements for anthropometric data. PA self-efficacy was measured using 8 questions describing different levels of PA, where participants rated the strength of their belief that they could engage in that activity. Self-efficacy to overcome barriers was measured using 10 questions capturing participants' confidence in their ability to engage in PA despite different possible barriers. Mean scores for these parameters were analyzed using the chi-square test and the independent t-test. RESULTS: In total, 89.3% of participants had a low PA level and 58.9% had more than 3 hours of sedentary activity per day. Furthermore, 55.4% were obese and 14.3% were overweight. The mean scores for PA self-efficacy and self-efficacy to overcome barriers were 59.1±26.4 and 52.5±13.8, respectively. PA level was related to BMI (p<0.001; r=0.116) and sedentary activity (p<0.05; r=0.274). PA self-efficacy and age were not related to BMI. Barriers to PA were associated with PA levels (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Physical inactivity was a major problem in elderly individuals with diabetes, and was correlated with higher BMI. Lower levels of PA might be mediated by sedentary activity.
Aged ; Blood Glucose ; Body Mass Index ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Humans ; Indonesia ; Motor Activity ; Overweight

Background: Conditioned medium is the medium obtained from certain cultured cells and contained secretome from the cells. The secretome, which can be in the form of growth factors, cytokines, exosomes, or other proteins secreted by the cells, can induce the differentiation of cells that still have pluripotent or multipotent properties. Objectives: This study examined the effects of conditioned medium derived from E17 rat brain cells on cells with pluripotent properties. Methods: The conditioned medium used in this study originated from E17 rat brain cells. The CM was used to induce the differentiation of primary colonies of mice blastocysts. Primary colonies were stained with alkaline phosphatase to analyze the pluripotency. The morphological changes in the colonies were examined, and the colonies were stained with GFAP and Neu-N markers on days two and seven after adding the conditioned medium. Results: The conditioned medium could differentiate the primary colony, beginning with the formation of embryoid-body-like structure; round GFAP positive cells were identified. Finally, neuron-like cells testing positive for Neu-N were observed on the seventh day after adding the conditioned medium. Conclusions Conditioned medium from different species, in this case, E17 rat brain cells, induced and promoted the differentiation of the primary colony from mice blastocysts into neuron-like cells. The addition of CM mediated neurite growth in the differentiation process.

OBJECTIVES: Elderly individuals with diabetes should maintain a normal body mass index (BMI) to help control their blood glucose levels. This study investigated barriers to physical activity (PA), self-efficacy to overcome those barriers, and PA self-efficacy among elderly individuals with diabetes in relation to BMI. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 56 participants. Data were collected by a questionnaire interview and direct measurements for anthropometric data. PA self-efficacy was measured using 8 questions describing different levels of PA, where participants rated the strength of their belief that they could engage in that activity. Self-efficacy to overcome barriers was measured using 10 questions capturing participants' confidence in their ability to engage in PA despite different possible barriers. Mean scores for these parameters were analyzed using the chi-square test and the independent t-test. RESULTS: In total, 89.3% of participants had a low PA level and 58.9% had more than 3 hours of sedentary activity per day. Furthermore, 55.4% were obese and 14.3% were overweight. The mean scores for PA self-efficacy and self-efficacy to overcome barriers were 59.1±26.4 and 52.5±13.8, respectively. PA level was related to BMI (p<0.001; r=0.116) and sedentary activity (p<0.05; r=0.274). PA self-efficacy and age were not related to BMI. Barriers to PA were associated with PA levels (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Physical inactivity was a major problem in elderly individuals with diabetes, and was correlated with higher BMI. Lower levels of PA might be mediated by sedentary activity.