The Harappan Civilization, one of the earliest complex societies in the world, flourished on the Indian subcontinent. Although many additional Harappan settlements and cemeteries have been discovered and investigated, no coupled burials at Harappan cemeteries have been reported to date. In 2013–2016, we excavated the cemetery of the Rakhigarhi site (Haryana), the largest city of the Harappan Civilization. At the site, we found a grave that turned out to be a coupled (joint) burial of the primary type. This report is the first anthropologically confirmed case of coupled burial from a Harappan cemetery.
Anthropology ; Burial ; Cemeteries* ; Civilization*

In this transcultural comparison, we examined areas of stress, coping strategies and psychosomatic symptoms resulting from such strategies in Chinese, Korean-Chinese and Korean high school students. A total of 1,042 second-year high school students participated in this study: 213 Chinese from Yanbien, China: 368 Korean-Chinese from Yanbien, China ; and 466 Koreans from Seoul, Korea. We administered the Stress Questionnaire Form for High school Students(Won and Lee 995), the Ways of Coping-Revised(Lazarus and Folkman 1984) and the Physical Symptom Scale of Stress(Allen and Hyde 1980) to investigate areas of stress, coping strategies and psychosomatic symptoms, respectively. The findings were understood and interpreted from focus group discussions. Although there were no differences in total stress scores among the three groups, there were significant differences in areas of stress. Chinese students manifested the highest stress scores in peer relation, family problem, heterosexual problem, the future-employment, and religious problem. Koreans scored the highest in academic performance, school life, extracurricular activity, psychological-personality problem, value system, and the future-employment. The Korean-Chinese students scored the highest in extracurricular activity, family-economic problem. In terms of collectivism versus individualism, Chinese students' stress was related more toward the collective situation, whereas the Korean students faced increased stress regarding the individual situation. In coping strategies, the Chinese were characterized by active coping, Koreans by passive coping and the Korean-Chinese by a mixture of the two. Koreans had the highest scores in psychosomatic symptoms, suggesting unfavorable coping strategies. The Korean-Chinese students seemed to lie intermediate between Koreans and Chinese in all three study areas, implying their cultural pluralism.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group* ; China ; Cross-Cultural Comparison* ; Cultural Diversity ; Ethnopsychology ; Family Relations ; Focus Groups ; Heterosexuality ; Humans ; Korea ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Seoul

No abstract available.
Cultural Characteristics* ; Culture* ; Human ; Industry* ; Korea ; Mental Disorders/psychology* ; Social Change*

Macrolepiota procera, one of edible mushrooms belongs to Agaricaceae of Basidiomycota, has a good taste and good medicinal value. As a preliminary study for the development of artificial cultivation method of edible mushroom, cultural characteristics of M. procera was investigated on various culture media under different environmental conditions. Mycelial growth was compared on culture media composed of various carbon and nitrogen sources, and C/N ratios. The optimal conditions for the mycelial growth were 30degrees C and pH 7. M. procera showed the rapid mycelial growth in the PDA media. The optimal carbon and nitrogen sources were maltose and glycine, respectively. The optimum C/N ratio was about 10 : 1 in case that 1% glucose was supplemented to the basal media as carbon source.
Agaricales ; Basidiomycota ; Carbon ; Cultural Characteristics ; Culture Media ; Glucose ; Glycine ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Maltose ; Nitrogen

Harappan Civilization is well known for highly sophisticated urban society, having been flourished in extensive regions of northwestern part of Pakistan and northeastern part of Afghanistan as its heyday around 4500 years ago. Most archaeologists agree on the periodization of this civilization as three different phases (Early, Mature and Late), which represent its cultural process of origin, development and decline. From the Harappan sites, one can note that there were about more than fifty burial sites discovered so far related with the civilization. In this article, we are trying to introduce the brief picture of the Harappan burials from the archaeological as well as anthropological perspectives.
Afghanistan ; Anthropology ; Archaeology ; Burial* ; Civilization* ; Humans ; India* ; Pakistan

Skeletal remains collected from the archaeological fields must be maintained carefully, for being used in scientific studies on the physical characteristics, health status, and pathological disease of the ancient or medieval human populations. Even if Joseon Dynasty Human Sample Collection might be a good example for such studies, few of bone collections predated the Joseon Age (e.g. Goryeo Dynasty) have been established until now, possibly owing to poor preservation condition of archaeological sites in Korea. In this study, we performed anthropological studies on a few cases of Goryeo skeletons, which have been rarely reported by anthropologists in Korea. Judging from the preservation status of bones found in various types of Goryeo graves (e.g. earthen- or stone-chambered tombs), many cases seem to be cremated in accordance with Buddhist funeral rites. Goryeo bone collections must be constructed with the bones identified in the earthen tombs, which were preserved much perfectly than those of any other types of Goryeo tombs.
Anthropology, Physical ; Archaeology ; Funeral Rites ; Humans ; Korea ; Skeleton

A cross-cultural comparison study of alcohol use disorder between Kangwha and Yanbian was conducted using the Korean version of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS). The subjects of the two areas studied were all native Koreans but lived in different sociocultural environments. A significant difference in lifetime prevalence rate of alcohol abuse (Kangwha 16.48%, Yanbian 6.95%; p less than 0.05) and similarity of alcohol dependence (Kangwha 10.23%, Yanbian 11.50%; p less than 0.05) were found. Among a total of 21 items of alcoholic symptoms, 14 items showed significant differences in frequencies between the two areas. The authors have suggested that alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence are two different diagnostic categories in origin, alcohol abuse is more related to socio-cultural environment and alcohol dependence to biogenetic background. The authors have discussed the possible reasons for a higher prevalence rate of alcohol abuse in Kangwha compared to Yanbian.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Alcoholism/epidemiology/*ethnology/etiology ; Child ; China/epidemiology ; Cross-Cultural Comparison ; Female ; Human ; Korea/epidemiology ; Male ; Middle Age ; Prevalence

No abstract available.
Cell Culture Techniques*

No abstract available.
Culture Media, Conditioned* ; Thymocytes*

No abstract available.
Cell Culture Techniques*