The purpose of this study was to investigate knowledge and attitude about oral contraceptive between Korean and Japanese university students in order to provide better sex education programs and direcrion.Korean subjects of this study were 337 university students in M city, during the period from April 1 to April 20, 2001 and Japanese subjects 245, during the period from June to August, 2001. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, Pearson correlation coefficients with SPSS package. The results from this study were summarized as follows :1. The mean age of Koreans and Japanese students was 21.0+/-3.2 and 19.6+/-3.2 years old. The number of Japaneses youths having the parter with sexual intercourse was larger than that of Korean university students. 2. Comparison of knowledge and attitude about oral contraceptives between Korean and Japanese university students ;1) Comparison of sexual differences : Oral contraceptives related knowledge of Korean university students marked 55.7+/-7.5 of male students and 56.7+/-6.2 of females with a range of 15 to 75. The level of female students' knowledge was higher than that of male's but there is not statistically a significant difference (p= .080). Oral contraceptives related attitude of Korean university students marked 81.1+/-12.2 of male students and 76.9+/-10.3 of female's with a range of 24 to 120. The level of male students' attitude was higher than that of female's and there is statistically a significant difference(p= .002). Oral contraceptives related knowledge of Japanese university students marked 55.3+/-6.7 of male students and 57.0+/-6.3 of female students. The level of female students' knowledge was higher than that of male's but there is not statistically a significant difference (p= .159). Oral contraceptives related attitude of Japanese university students marked 80.3+/-10.1 of male students and 80.4+/-9.9 of female students. The level of female students' attitude was higher than that of male's and there is not statistically a significant difference(p= .928).2) Comparison between the country : Oral conceptives related knowledge of Korean university students marked 56.2+/-6.8 and 56.7+/-6.4 of Japanese university students with a range of 15 to 75. The level of Japanese university students' knowledge was higher than that of Korean's but there is not statistically a significant difference(p= .361). Oral conceptives related attitude of Korean university students marked 78.9+/-11.4 and 80.4+/-9.9 of Japaneses with a range of 24 to 120. The level of Japanese university studentss' attitude was higher than that of Korean's and there is not statistically a significant difference(p= .100). 2. Wanted age of oral contraceptives taking medicine and age was correlated positively (r=.178, p=.004) and total knowledge score of oral contraceptives and total attitude score were correlated positively(r=.467 p= .000) in Korean university students. Wanted age of oral contraceptives taking medicine and age was correlated positively (r=.289, p=.004), age and total attitude score were correlated positively(r=.196 p=.002) and total knowledge score of oral contraceptives and total attitude score were correlated positively (r=.671 p=.000) in Japanese university students. 3. Korean university students lifted side effect by the greatest factors in investigation about leading person that disturb work oral contraceptive, and the following appeared by knowledge insufficiency, sexual feeling inflammation worry, social prejudice, sexual morality decline, supernumerary prescription being not right, other person reverse and economical burden. Japanese university students can know that it is appearing by side effect, supernumerary prescription being not right, knowledge insufficiency, sexual feeling inflammation worry, economical burden, social prejudice, sexual morality decline and other person reverse. Think that this is result by dissimilar health medical system and cultural difference between two countries.
Adolescent ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group* ; Coitus ; Contraceptive Agents ; Contraceptives, Oral ; Female ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Male ; Morals ; Prejudice ; Prescriptions ; Sex Education

It has become more and more urgent to develop a safe, effective, recoverable and acceptable contraceptive for males. Decades of studies have made much progress on male hormonal contraception, one of the promising contraceptive methods. The principle is based on the suppression of pituitary gonadotropin and intratesticular testosterone, then the suppression of spermatogenesis, and the supplement of androgen to maintain the male characteristics and sexual function. There are many male hormonal contraceptive methods being studied include androgen, androgen combined with progesterone, GnRH antagonists combined with androgen, as well as immunological methods. To develop a safe and convenient androgen preparation with longer action and fewer side effects is also one of the key items of present research in this field.
Androgens ; Animals ; Contraception ; methods ; Contraceptive Agents, Male ; Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Progestins ; Rats ; Sheep

Cross-sectional survey woman in reproductive age (from 15 to 49 years old) who use free cost contraceptive pills in 2003. Result: Women who accept to buy contraceptive pill are from 26 to 49 years of age commonly (92,7%), housewife (40,6%), married (98,8%), and education level from primary to secondary (74,1%). The percentage of women having income from 300.000 to 700.000 per month who accept to buy contraceptive pill is highest (62,3%). 2. Ideal drug is bought by 88,4%. The percentage of women who accept to buy contraceptive is quite high (93,8%), among them 50,2% are at the ready to buy, 43,6 can buy. 54,5% don’t buy due to no have money and 29,6% due to unconvenient.
Contraceptive Agents ; Contraceptive Agents, Female ; Women ; Age Factors

Family planning is a very complex matter and has many ramifications so that one may expect a variety of problems besetting operation of family planning programs. One of the problems advocated so far is the drop-out rate or delinquent appointment rate of family planning clinics which is known to be as high as to deserve special attention. It is an urgent issue to be studied so that the family planning clinics could take measures to insure the continued optimal utilization of the services offered. Hence, the Nanakuli Family Planning Clinic was chosen as a sample to study and find out any differences and similarities between the "Delinquents" and "Non-delinquents" of the clinic, hoping that any meaningful facts brought out by this study could get the clinic to have the optimal utilization of the services by it's clients. Specific conclusions resulting from this study are the optimal utilization of family planning service by clients could not be expected without providing provisions for the biological, situational, and environmental problems of the clients as well as the administrative and managerial problems besetting the clinic operation itself.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Contraceptive Agents/supply & distribution ; Contraceptive Devices/supply & distribution ; Contraceptives, Oral/supply & distribution ; Family Planning/manpower ; Family Planning/utilization* ; Female ; Hawaii ; Human ; Middle Age ; Pregnancy

BACKGROUND: There is a dearth of studies that explore the perceptions of male partners of adolescent females towards the intention of pursuing contraception.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the role of male partner perceptions in the intention to use of contraception among female adolescents to prevent unplanned repeat pregnancies.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: An urban sample of 102 male partners of female adolescents with previous pregnancy experience coming from the out-patient department and selected barangay health center responded to a two-part questionnaire that explored their perceptions towards contraception. Demographic data and their positive and negative views, attitudes and actual practice of contraception as it affects future intention to engage in family planning methods were determined.

RESULTS: Male sexual partners have positive perceptions towards contraception. Despite this, utilization rate was still low (56.8%). Positively correlated with contraceptive intention include the male partner's advanced age and high level of education. Perceptions that favor strong intention include careful pregnancy planning in the future, not wanting a pregnancy too soon, knowledge of a specific method, its perceived benefits, "shared decision" making, feeling "happy" when contraceptives are offered rather than forced and when a woman lacks trust in him. Forcing contraception by the female adolescent partner was negatively correlated with contraceptive intention.

CONCLUSION: Shared decision making towards contraception in order to reduce unintended pregnancies should engage the male partner's participation by correcting prevailing misperceptions.

Human ; Male ; Female ; Young Adult ; Adolescent ; Pregnancy ; Family Planning Services ; Contraceptive Agents ; Sexual Partners ; Outpatients ; Contraception ; Pregnancy, Unplanned ; Contraceptive Devices

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore essences and meanings of using oral contraceptives among adult women. METHODS: The interview was conducted with 20 adult women who lived in Seoul, Gyeongi Province, Jeolla Province, Chungcheong Province, and Gangwon Province. Participants with the experience of using oral contraceptives for contraception were selected by convenience sampling. Semi-structured interviews were conducted for data collection. The data were analyzed using Colaizzi's method. RESULTS: Five themes revealed: ‘Lack of information and knowledge regarding oral contraceptives’, ‘Inconvenient and difficult purchase process of oral contraceptives’, ‘Pressure and fear regarding other people's reaction’, ‘Self-centered thinking toward the use of oral contraceptives’, ‘A need for a change in public awareness and policy’. CONCLUSION: A change in society's perception about oral contraceptives is required for safe contraceptives use. Therefore, it is necessary to educate the correct usage of oral contraceptives, and to develop a program for changing the paradigm of sex education.
Adult* ; Contraception ; Contraceptive Agents ; Contraceptives, Oral* ; Data Collection ; Female ; Gangwon-do ; Humans ; Methods ; Qualitative Research ; Seoul ; Sex Education ; Thinking

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate differences of subjective, objective knowledge and educational need about contraceptives according to sex in college students. METHODS: Data were collected by a self-administered questionnaire from 84 male and 111 female college students on May, 2008. PASW 18.0 program was used for data analysis. RESULTS: There were significant differences in age, major, grade, place of residence, and experience of sexual intercourse between male and female college students. There was a significant difference in objective knowledge about contraceptives between the two groups, but no significant difference in subjective knowledge. The positive correlation was shown between subjective and objective knowledge about contraceptives. Even when demographic variables such as age, major, grade, place of residence, and experience of sexual intercourse were controlled, sex was a significant influencing factor on subjective and objective knowledge about contraceptives. Educational need about emergency contraceptive pills was significantly different and ranking of educational need about contraceptives was also different between the two groups. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that different education programs according to sex are needed to maximize the effect of contraceptive education and sexual characteristics are considered to give an education to college students.
Coitus ; Contraceptive Agents ; Emergencies ; Female ; Humans ; Hypogonadism ; Male ; Mitochondrial Diseases ; Ophthalmoplegia ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Oal contraceptives are one of the most frequently used methods of hormonal contraception. In general, oral contraceptives have proven to be safe for most women. However, the risk of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism are increased in women taking oral contraceptives. We have experienced a case of a woman who had superior mesenteric venous (SMV) and portal vein thromboses on taking oral contraceptives with antithrombin III, protein C, and protein S deficiencies.
Antithrombin III* ; Contraception ; Contraceptive Agents ; Contraceptives, Oral* ; Female ; Humans ; Portal Vein ; Protein C* ; Protein S Deficiency* ; Protein S* ; Pulmonary Embolism ; Thrombosis ; Venous Thrombosis*

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the inhibitory effect of Nandeshi, an acrosin inhibitor, on human acrosin activity.

METHODSWe collected sperm samples from 10 healthy fertile men and cultured them with Nandeshi at 30 degrees C for 5 minutes at the concentrations of 0. 100, 0.120, 0.144, 0.173, 0.207, 0.249, 0.299, 0.358 and 0.430 mmol/L, with the controls treated with a well-known acrosin inhibitor N-alpha-p-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethylketone (TLCK) at 150.0, 189.8, 213.6, 240.3, 270.3, 304.1 and 342.1 mmol/L. Then we determined the residual activity of human acrosin by improved Kennedy assay.

RESULTSThe residual activity of acrosin was negatively correlated with the Nandeshi concentration, and Nandeshi exhibited an inhibition rate about 800 times that of TLCK.

CONCLUSIONNandeshi has a powerful inhibitory effect on human acrosin, and improved Kennedy assay is a simple, practical and highly sensitive technique for the detection of human acrosin activity.

Acrosin ; antagonists & inhibitors ; metabolism ; Contraceptive Agents, Female ; pharmacology ; Enzyme Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Male ; Spermatozoa ; drug effects ; Tosyllysine Chloromethyl Ketone ; pharmacology

Because genetic characteristics vary among subjects, the therapeutic effects of a certain drug differ among patients with the same disease. For this reason, special interest has focused on tailored treatments. Although it is well known that sex is genetically determined, little attention has been paid to sex differences in the clinical features and treatment of asthma. Females are more likely to suffer allergic asthma, to have difficulty controlling asthma symptoms, and to show adverse effects to drugs. As asthma symptoms show cyclic changes depending on female hormone levels in many women of child-bearing age, the use of contraceptives may specifically help to treat female patients with asthma such as those with perimenstrual asthma and severe asthma. Generally, testosterone seems to suppress asthma, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), a less virilizing androgen, may be effective for treating asthma. Evidence exists for a therapeutic and steroid-sparing effect of DHEA. However, further studies on the optimal dose and route of DHEA for each sex are needed. Monitoring of the serum DHEA-S level is necessary for patients with asthma on inhaled steroid treatment, and at minimum, replacement therapy for patients with a low level of DHEA may be helpful for treating their asthma.
Asthma ; Contraceptive Agents ; Dehydroepiandrosterone ; Female ; Humans ; Sex Characteristics ; Testosterone