OBJECTIVE: The study aims to determine the factors associated with central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) among children admitted in a tertiary government hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective case-control study which utilized records review of pediatric patients admitted from January 2018 to December 2022. Random sampling was employed to include confirmed cases of patients with CLABSI and controls who did not develop CLABSI. Patients were matched in terms of unit of admission. Data were collected through chart review and odds ratio was used to determine the factors associated with CLABSI using univariate and multivariate regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 92 cases and 184 controls were included in the study. Results of multivariate regression analysis revealed that the age group of 6 to 12 years old (OR=18.91, 95% CI 2.32 to 153.9) had the highest odds of acquiring CLABSI. Blood transfusion as indication for central line insertion increased the risk of CLABSI (OR=5.24, 95% CI 1.67 to 16.48). Those more likely to acquire CLABSI were patients with duration of CVC use of more than 14 days (OR=25.68, 95% CI 2.77 to 238.4), those who received total parenteral nutrition (OR=13.44, 95% CI 2.67 to 67.56) and chemotherapeutic or immunosuppressive drugs (OR=3.07, 95% CI 1.2 to 7.85). CONCLUSION This study revealed that age, blood transfusion as indication for central line use, receipt of total parenteral nutrition, receipt of chemotherapeutic and immunosuppressive drugs, and duration of CVC utilization of more than 14 days were found to increase the risk of CLABSI. Careful consideration of these factors in patients with CVCs should be observed to prevent the occurrence of CLABSI.
Children ; Child

PURPOSE: This study describes the ecological variables effect on child abuse potential and the results from a prevention program for parents with disabled children aiming at decreasing child abuse potential. METHOD: Data was collected from 30 parents with disabled preschoolers attending an early education center in a community. The program consisted of handouts, small group lectures, support group meetings on understanding the disabled child-parents relationship, communication skill improvement, non-punitive discipline techniques, and influences of child abuse. A non equivalent pre-post test design was employed. RESULT: Ecological variables, and parenting self-efficacy, had a significant effect on child abuse potential in parents with a disabled child. By regression parenting self-efficacy showed(27.1%) child abuse potential. Both parenting self-efficacy and beliefs in corporal punishment directly related to (52.0%) child abuse potential in parents. The program was effective inbringing some positive changes on pareting self-efficacy beliefs in corporal punishment, and child abuse potential toward disabled children. However, marital discord was not significantly effected. CONCLUSION: Child abuse prevention programs should decrease thechild abuse potential in parents. Thus I recommend a child abuse prevention program development; for parents with disabled adolescents, and teachers in disabled child education.
Adult ; Child ; Child Abuse/*prevention & control ; Child, Preschool ; *Disabled Children ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; *Parenting ; Parents/*education

The study focused on children with disabilities (CWD) in Philippine society. It described the socio-economic conditions of CWD and their families, and the nature and extent of the problems they experienced. The findings from seven municipalities in Eastern Samar revealed that CWD come from big and poor agricultural families with low levels of education. Hearing, mental, physical and visual disabilities were the most common forms of disabilities of children. While majority of the families recognized that CWD have special needs, most families were unable to meet these because of economic difficulties and inaccesibility of programs and services. It is urgent to capacitate families of CWD to address their needs and develop positive coping behaviors through family-centered programs and services that will help alleviate their conditions and problems, raise their capabilities and expand their options. This will entail collaboration between various stakeholders in society and the community.

Human ; Male ; Female ; Child ; Child Preschool ; Cities ; Disabled Children ; Hearing Tests ; Hearing ; Adaptation, Psychological

Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cleft Lip ; psychology ; Cleft Palate ; psychology ; Disabled Children ; psychology ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Parents ; psychology

Early childhood intervention programmes can shift the odds toward more favourable outcomes in development, especially for children at risk. However, there is no quick fix in the world for early childhood interventions. Programmes that work are rarely simple, inexpensive, or easy to implement. Each country must decide its own model and strategies and develop its resources based on existing infrastructures. Since its independence to become a sovereign nation in 1965, Singapore has undergone significant socio-economic changes. The infant and under-5 childhood mortality rates are among the lowest in the world. A number of "new morbidities" have been identified to pose major challenges to child health in the next decades. They are chronic medical illnesses, developmental disabilities, learning problems, injuries and neglect, behavioural disturbances and disorders, sequelae associated with unhealthy life-styles, and social and emotional disorders. The need for a comprehensive child development programme is therefore obvious. The main objectives are identification and treatment of children with developmental and behavioural problems so as to correct developmental dysfunctions, minimise the impact of a child's disability or of prevailing risk factors, strengthen families, and establish the foundations for subsequent development. A child development programme has evolved in Singapore over the last 20 years. The programme is multi-disciplinary, community-based, family-focused, and child-centric, with partnership and integration between government and voluntary community organisations.
Child ; Child Behavior Disorders ; Child Development ; Child Health Services ; history ; organization & administration ; Child, Preschool ; Community Participation ; Disabled Children ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Program Development ; Singapore ; Social Support

OBJECTIVE

To determine the clinical profile, management and outcome of pediatric patients with COVID-19 infection admitted at the Zamboanga City Medical Center (ZCMC) from March 2020 to December 2022.

METHODOLOGY

This was a retrospective cohort study which enrolled patients 19 years old and below with SARS-CoV-2 infection admitted at the ZCMC. Charts were retrieved and uploaded on a database. Demographic and clinical information were gathered including history of exposure to COVID-19, history of COVID-19 vaccination, comorbidities, clinical manifestations, laboratory examination, medications and clinical outcome. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics.

RESULTS

There were 145 evaluable patients. The mean age was 8.4 years with 40% aged less than 5 years old. Majority were males (58.62%). Half (50.34%) had no known exposure to COVID-19. None received COVID-19 vaccine. Ninety-seven (66.90%) patients were underweight. Sixty-nine (47.59%) patients were asymptomatic, 30 (20.69%) had mild infection while 24 (16.55%) had severe to critical illness. There were 5 (3.45%) cases of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MISC). The most common symptoms were fever, vomiting/nausea, cough and shortness of breath. The most common chest radiograph findings were bilateral lung opacities. Majority of the patients received antibiotics (68.97%). Other medications given included corticosteroids (14.48%), intravenous immunoglobulin (3.45%), remdesivir (4.83%) and tocilizumab (5.52%).The mortality rate was 11.72%.

CONCLUSION

Pediatric COVID-19 in Southwestern Mindanao affects all age groups. Majority of hospitalized patients were asymptomatic or had mild infection. Fever was the most common manifestation. Antibiotic use was high. Mortality rate was 11.72%.

Covid-19 ; Sars-cov-2 ; Child ; Children

OBJECTIVE

Our study aimed to determine the clinical profile and pulmonary function of pediatric patients with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). We also characterized the stages of progression of the disease and determined their potential association with spirometry variables.

METHODS

In this cross-sectional study, we used data obtained from a review of medical records of all pediatric patients (0-18 years old) with DMD seen in a multidisciplinary neuromuscular clinic of a tertiary government hospital from August 2018 until March 2020.

RESULTS

Included were 30 patients subdivided into groups according to the stage of disease progression. Overweight (26.7%), obesity (20%), and scoliosis (26.7%) were common among non-ambulatory patients. Only one late ambulatory patient had evidence of ineffective airway clearance. Symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing, particularly snoring (66.7%) and apnea (6.7%), were common across all disease stages. All patients had normal peripheral oxygen saturation on room air. The mean peak expiratory flow rate was 215.6 (±84) L/min. The mean Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), Forced Expiratory Volume in the first second (FEV1), and FEV1/FVC were 66.2% (±23.7), 67.7% (±23.8), and 97.5 (±3.2), respectively. Among patients with polysomnography results, the average apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) per hour was 3 (±1.6). When patients were compared according to their stage disease progression, however, no significant differences exist.

CONCLUSION

This is the first study on the pulmonary function of Filipino pediatric patients with DMD. Spirometry patterns characteristic of restrictive lung disease were observed. Prospective studies may help identify respiratory variables that significantly correlate with pulmonary function.

Human ; Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne ; Children ; Child

PURPOSE: This study was done to evaluate the effects of 3 times/week and 5 times/week abdominal meridian massage with aroma oils (AMMAO) on the relief of constipation among hospitalized children with disabilities involving the brain lesions (cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and others). METHODS: The participants were 33 hospitalized children with a disability involving the brain (15 were in the 5 times/week of AMMAO group and 18 were in the 3 times/week of AMMAO group). Data were collected from March 21 to May 1, 2011. Chi-square test, t-test, and repeated measures ANOVA with SPSS 18.0 were used to evaluate the effects of AMMAO. RESULTS: While there was no significant difference between the two groups, there was a significant difference within groups between baseline and the end of the intervention period for the following, frequency of suppository use or enemas, amount of stool, and number of bowel movements. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that AMMAO is an effective nursing intervention in relief of constipation for hospitalized children with a disability involving the brain. Therefore it is recommended that AMMAO be used in clinical practice as an effective nursing intervention for relief of constipation to these children.
Abdomen ; Adolescent ; Analysis of Variance ; Aromatherapy ; Brain Diseases/*pathology ; Child ; Child, Hospitalized ; Child, Preschool ; Constipation/*therapy ; Disabled Children ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Massage ; Meridians ; Oils/*therapeutic use

OBJECTIVETo study the efficacy of conductive education combined with Frenkel training in the improvement of balance function in children with cerebral palsy.

METHODSOne hundred and fifteen children with cerebral palsy were randomly administered with conductive education and Frenkel training (study group, n=60) or conventional training (control group, n=55). Activities of daily living (ADL) scale and gross motor function measurement (GMFM) of physical performances were used to assess the balance function.

RESULTSThe scores of ADL scale and GMFM of physical performances in both the study and the control groups increased after training. The study group showed higher scores of ADL scale (37.91+/-10.12 vs 34.18+/-6.13; p<0.05)and GMFM (62.93+/-15.00 vs 54.53+/-14.11) than the control group (p<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSConductive education combined with Frenkel training is more effective for the improvement of balance function in children cerebral palsy.

Activities of Daily Living ; Adolescent ; Cerebral Palsy ; physiopathology ; rehabilitation ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Disabled Children ; rehabilitation ; Education, Special ; methods ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Motor Skills ; Physical Therapy Modalities ; Postural Balance

Fragile X syndrome is one of the most common forms of inherited mental retardation and is caused by the expansion of the CGG trinucleotide repeats in the FMR-1 gene. This study was aimed to facilitate the molecular screening of fragile X syndrome in Korean children with mental retardation of unknown etiology. The subjects were tested by Expand Long Template PCR system in the presence of 7-deaza-dGTP, and then by Southern blot analysis. The PCR method provided rapid and reliable results for the identification of fragile X negative and positive patients. One hundred one mentally retarded children (78 males and 23 females) were screened by PCR amplification, which detected only one abnormal sample. The PCR-positive case was confirmed by the CGG repeat expansion on Southern blot analysis with a positive cytogenetic result. In conclusion, Expand Long Template PCR may be used as the first screening test for detecting the fragile X syndrome.
Adolescence ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; *Disabled Children ; Female ; Fragile X Syndrome/*genetics ; Genetic Screening ; Human ; Infant ; Korea ; Male ; Mental Retardation/*genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Trinucleotide Repeats ; *X Chromosome