Allergic rhinitis and rhinosinusitis often complicate with asthma,and their relationship has long been investigated.From the view of epidemiology,all of these three diseases have higher prevalence,complicate with each other,are risk factors and prognostic factors for each other.Besides,they share common in anatomy and pathophysiology.In this paper,the interrelationship among allergic rhinitis,rhinosinusitis and asthma in pathogenesis is discussed.

OBJECTIVETo study the mechanism of uPA improving sperm capacitation by investigating the effect of uPA on the mitochondrial function of mouse capacitated-sperm in vitro.

METHODSMitochondrial function of mouse capacitated-spermatozoa was evaluated through the assessment of mitochondrial membrane potential using JC-1 performed by flow cytometer and fluorescent microscope respectively. The experiment and the control groups were designed according to the presence or absence of uPA, each divided into 5 subgroups based on the different time of uPA treatment (or BWW in the control groups) at 0, 5, 15, 30 and 60 min respectively.

RESULTS(1) Compared with that at 0 min, the mean fluorescence intensity of JC-1 within the spermatozoal body and the percentage of orange-red colored spermatozoa in the experiment group were increased significantly at 5 and 15 min respectively after uPA incubation (P < 0.05). (2) The mean fluorescence intensity of JC-1 within the spermatozoal body at 15, 30 and 60 min and the percentage of orange-red colored spermatozoa at 5 and 15 min in the group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONuPA could increase the mitochondrial membrane potential of mouse capacitated-spermatozoa in vitro, and maintain it at a high level for a certain period of time. By enhancing sperm mitochondrial function, uPA may provide sufficient energy for capacitated-spermatozoa to increase their motility and change their motor pattern, which might be one of the therapeutic mechanisms of uPA on male infertility.

Animals ; Flow Cytometry ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Male ; Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial ; drug effects ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Sperm Capacitation ; Sperm Motility ; Spermatozoa ; drug effects ; physiology ; Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator ; pharmacology