Objective To investigate how surgical patients are assessed regarding pressure ulcer risks and the usage of evaluation tools in different stages during perioperative period.Methods Totally 210 nurses from operating rooms and surgical wards in 7 tertiary hospitals of Jiangsu Province were investigated with self-designed questionnaire.Results Operating room nurses of 7 hospitals used different kinds of scales for pressure ulcer risk assessment,the same scale document was used during the different stages of operation,the frequency and time for pressure ulcer risk assessment varied from one to three times,preoperative visit to handover in surgical ward were different;the Braden scale was used by surgical nurses to evaluate pressure ulcer risk after operation,while most surgical nurses believed that the existing scale lacked specificity and intraoperative risk factors that should be considered when assessing postoperative patients.Conclusion The frequency and time of pressure ulcer risk assessment of patients during perioperative period are not standardized,the content of scale is limited and lacks specificity,the assessment of pressure ulcer risk during perioperative period is discontinuous and non-dynamic.There are no specific risk assessment scales targeting preoperative,intraoperative and postoperative pressure ulcer risk assessment.

This paper is to report the analysis of the main chemical constituents of Shuanghuanglian injection powder and determination of their origin. The sample solution was analyzed by a Zorbax C18 column with a gradient mobile phase comprised of methanol and 0.25% acetic acid solution. Both UV and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry detector were used simultaneously, -Q1-scan detection mode was evaluated for the identification of the LC peaks. To analyze the mass spectrum of every LC peaks, 43 molecular mass from the ion chromatogram of Shuanghuanglian injection powder were identified and among them, structure of 20 compounds were elucidated, and the data were sorted to the three component herbs, separately.
Chlorogenic Acid ; analysis ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Drug Combinations ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Flavonoids ; analysis ; Forsythia ; chemistry ; Glycosides ; analysis ; Injections ; Lonicera ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Powders ; Scutellaria ; chemistry ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization ; methods ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; methods

OBJECTIVETo explore the regularity of recipe composition by observing inhibitory effects on the genic expression of 5-lipoxygenase activating protein, IL-4 and the leukotriene C4 in asthmatic mice.

METHODThe mice were challenged with OVA and administered ig with the Herba Ephedrae decoction (HED), separated compositions (2500 mg x kg(-1), calculated by Herba Ephedrae) and dexamethasone (2 mg x kg(-1)) respectively once daily for seven days. The real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR method was employed to measure the contents of FLAP mRNA and IL-4 mRNA expressions in lung and the ELISA method was used to determine the content of LTC4 in the washing solution of pulmonary alveolus and bronchi.

RESULTIn the lung of asthma mice, the expressions of FLAP and IL-4 and the content of LTC4 were significantly augmented compared with the control group. The HED and the separated compositions could suppress the expressions of FLAP and IL-4 and LTC4 release to a great extent in mice.

CONCLUSIONThe HED had the remarkable effects of antianaphylaxis asthma and the original formula HED worked best. These results confirmed the rationality and scientific level of HED.

5-Lipoxygenase-Activating Proteins ; Animals ; Asthma ; chemically induced ; genetics ; metabolism ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid ; chemistry ; Carrier Proteins ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Ephedra sinica ; chemistry ; Interleukin-4 ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Leukotriene C4 ; metabolism ; Lung ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Male ; Membrane Proteins ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Mice ; Ovalbumin ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; RNA, Messenger ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Random Allocation

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for vancomycin-induced neutropenia adverse reactions/adverse events in clinical diagnosis. METHODS:With a case of children with neutropenia treated by long-course and large-dose vancomycin,PubMed and CNKI were retrieved to collect related literature and the literature was analyzed. RESULTS:Neutropenia may be associated with vancomycin,based on causality criterion of adverse reaction in China. CONCLUSIONS:Vancomycin-induced neutropenia in chil-dren is most likely associated with prolonged exposure induced by infusion,vancomycin dosage should be reduced or stopped,and routine blood and plasma concentration should be closely monitored.

In this study, UPLC-MS/MS was adopted to determine the contents of five ephedrine alkaloids (Norephedrine, Norpseudoephedrine, Ephedrine, Pseudoephedrine, Methylephedrine) in plasma and urine in rats after the combined administration of Ephedrae Herba-Gypsum Fibrosum and calculate relevant pharmacokinetic parameters, in order to discuss the effect of the combined administration of Ephedrae Herba-Gypsum Fibrosum on plasma pharmacokinetics and urinary excretion characteristics. According to the results, after being combined with Gypsum, the five ephedrine alkaloids showed similar pharmacokinetic changes, such as shortened t(max), accelerated absorption rate, but reduced AUC(0-t) and V(z)/F, which may be related to the increase in urine excretion. Besides, Gypsum was added to enhance C(max) of Pseudoephedrine and prolong MRT(0-t) of Methylephedrine, so as to enhance the anti-asthmatic effect of Ephedrae Herba and resist the toxic effect of Norephedrine and Ephedrine. This study proved the scientific compatibility of Ephedrae Herba-Gypsum Fibrosum and provided a reference for studies on the prescription compatibility regularity and relevant practices.
Alkaloids ; blood ; pharmacokinetics ; urine ; Animals ; Calcium Sulfate ; pharmacokinetics ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacokinetics ; Ephedra ; chemistry ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Urine ; chemistry

Objective To investigate the effects of ischemic postconditioning (Post) on myocardial cell apoptosis and expres- sion of Bcl-2 and Bax protein during ischemia/reperfusion period in rabbits.Methods Eighteen rabbits were randomly allocated to three groups (6 in each group),sham operation (group S),ischemia/reperfusion group(group IR) and ischemic postconditioning group(group Post).Group IR and group Post were subjected to 15 minutes of left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion followed for 30 minutes of reperfusion.Ischemic postconditioning was achieved by three 30 seconds cycles of reperfusion,each followed by 30 seconds ischemia.Cardiomyocyte apoptosis were determined by in situ TDT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and DNA electrophoresis.The expression of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins in apoptotic myocardial cells were detected by immunohistochemistry sepa- rately.Results Compared with group IR,apoptotic index was significantly reduced in group Post [(28.06?2.92) % vs.(55.70? 13.96)%,P

Hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) is referred to a common type of cerebral damage, which is caused by injury, leading to shallow bleeding in the cortex with intact cerebral pia mater. In recent years, studies show that a various kinds of immune cells and immune cellular factors are involved in the occurrence of HIBD. CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) is a representative of CC chemokine receptor, and is widely distributed in cerebral neuron, astrocyte, and microglial cells, and is the main chemo-tactic factor receptor in brain tissue. CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) is a kind of basophilic protein and the ligand of CCR2, and plays an important role in inflammation. In order to provide evidence for correlational studies in HIBD, this review will introduce the biological characteristics of CCR2 and CCL2, and illustrate the relationship between the immunoreactivity and HIBD.
Animals ; Brain Injuries/pathology* ; Cerebral Cortex/physiopathology* ; Chemokine CCL2/metabolism* ; Chemokines, CC/metabolism* ; Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain/metabolism* ; Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/metabolism* ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism* ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, CCR2/metabolism*

OBJECTIVETo develop a GC-MS method for the determination of pseudo-ephedrine in human plasma and study the mutative rules of the pharmacokinetic parameters of the pseudo-ephedrine in different compositions.

METHODOrthogonal design was used to determine 8 compositions from Mahuang decoction (MHD). The healthy volunteers were divided into groups in random, each group including 8 men. After taking the medicine orally, vena blood would be taken out at different time. Determining pseudo-ephedrine in plasma and plotting the concentration-time curve, the pharmacokinetic parameters of each composition were calculated by WinNonlin 4.0.1. The statistical analysis of the pharmacokinetic parameters was proceeded by SPSS 10.0.

RESULTAll concentration-time curves were adequately modeled by one compartment, first order absorption model, no lag time. Some parameters of pseudo-ephedrine showed significant variance (P < 0.05) in different compositions. The statistic results showed interactions between drugs in MHD (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe other herbs erds of MHD have some certain extent effects to the pharmacokinetic parameters of pseudo-ephedrine in the dominant drug.

Administration, Oral ; Adult ; Area Under Curve ; Cinnamomum ; chemistry ; Drug Combinations ; Drug Interactions ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; isolation & purification ; pharmacokinetics ; Ephedra ; chemistry ; Ephedrine ; isolation & purification ; pharmacokinetics ; Glycyrrhiza uralensis ; chemistry ; Humans ; Male ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Prunus ; chemistry ; Random Allocation

OBJECTIVETo observe the effects of Herba ephedrae, honey-fried Herba ephedrae and Maxingshigan decoction on pentobabital sodium sleep experiment in mice.

METHODSMale Kunming mice were divided into 11 groups, namely normal saline (NS) group, ephedrine group, 3 Herba ephedrae dose (high, medium, and low) groups, 3 honey-fried Herba ephedrae dose group, and 3 Maxingshigan decoction dose groups. The corresponding drugs were administered intragastrically for 6 consecutive days, and 45 min after the final administration, the mice received intraperitoneal injection of pentobabital sodium, and the latent period and continuous sleeping time were recorded.

RESULTSCompared with high- and low-dose Herba ephedrae groups, Maxinshigan decoction containing equivalent Herba ephedrae significantly increased the sleeping time of the mice (P<0.05). In comparison with NS, the decoction at medium and low doses produced no significant changes in the sleeping time, which, however, was significantly shortened in the other 8 groups (P<0.05). Compared with Herba ephedrae, Maxingshigan decoction and honey-fried Herba ephedrae at equivalent doses showed comparable effects on the sleep latency (P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONUnder the condition of this experiment and with pentobabital sodium-induced sleeping time as the index, honey-fried Herba ephedrae shows no obvious effect in reducing the excitement of the central nervous system, while Maxingshigan decoction can significantly lower the excitement level, the effect of which is inversely correlated to the dose administered.

Animals ; Central Nervous System ; drug effects ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Ephedra sinica ; chemistry ; Male ; Mice ; Pentobarbital ; pharmacology ; Random Allocation ; Sleep ; drug effects

OBJECTIVETo explore the regularity of recipe composition by observing inhibitory effects of disassembled compositions of Mahuang decoction (MHD) on chemotaxis and leukotriene production from neutrophils in rats.

METHODNeutrophil aggregation was induced by intraperitoneal injection of glycogen in rats. Intraperitoneal lavage fluid (PLF) was collected and neu-trophils were removed. Neutrophils were stimulated by calciumionophore A23187 in vitro to produce leukotriene B4. The concentrations of leukotriene B4 was measured by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC), chemotatic chamber assay was used to investigate the regulative role of MHD on chenmotaxis of the neutrophils in response to LPS stimulation.

RESULTDisassembled compositions of MHD could inhibite chemotaxis and leukotriene production from neutrophils in rats. Inhibitory effects of MHD on mast cells were different.

CONCLUSIONMHD has significantly inhibitory effects on chemotaxis and leukotriene production from neutrophils in rats. The original formula (MHD) works best. These results have confirmed the rationality and scientific level of MHD.

Animals ; Chemotaxis, Leukocyte ; drug effects ; Drug Combinations ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Female ; Leukotriene B4 ; biosynthesis ; Male ; Neutrophils ; drug effects ; secretion ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley