Background:blaTEM, bla SHV, blaCTX \ufffd?M, blaOXA genes encode for extended spectrum \u03b2 \ufffd?lactamases resistance to broad \ufffd?spectrumcephalosporins. Many species belonging the family Enterobacteriaceae possess these genes. Objectives: To determine the distribution of blaTEM, bla SHV, blaCTX \ufffd?M and blaOXA genes in enteroaggregation E.coli (EAEC) strains. Subjects and method: 67 EAEC strains causing diarrhea and 18 strains isolated from healthy children were screened by PCR with primers specific to blaTEM, bla SHV, blaCTX \ufffd?M \ufffd?1and blaOXA genes. Results: The prevalence of ESBL genes in diarrheagenic EAEC strains and those isolated from healthy children were 83.6 and 72.2 %, respectively. The highest prevalence blaTEM gene (82% in diarrheagenic EAEC strains and 72.2% in isolated from healthy children) was followed by that of blaOXA gene (11.9 and 11.1% in two EAEC groups). Only 2 strains possess blaSHV gene. The blaCTX \ufffd?M \ufffd?1 was not detected in any EAEC strain. Conclusion: our findings have not only provided additional understanding of the distribution of blaTEM, bla SHV, blaCTX \ufffd?M - 1 and blaOXA genes in EAEC strains but also have a given significance in selecting antibiotics for treatment.
beta-Lactamases/ genetics ; Escherichia coli ;

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), mediated by plasmids, can hydrolyze and cause resistance to penicillins, broad spectrum-cephalosporins, and monobactams. Most ESBLs are derived from the widespread broad-spectrum beta-lactamases TEM-1 and SHV-1. There are also other families of ESBLs, including CTX-M and OXA-type enzymes as well as novel unrelated beta-lactamases. This article reviews recent advances in the classification, characteristics, and other molecular biological aspects of ESBLs.
Molecular Biology ; beta-Lactamases ; classification ; genetics

The dogma that ampC genes are located exclusively on the chromosome was dominant until about 10 years ago. Since 1989 over 15 different plasmid-encoded AmpC beta-lactamases have been reported from several countries. Most of these enzymes evolved in two clusters. The major cluster includes several enzymes with a high similarity to CMY-2, which is the closest related chromosomal AmpC enzyme of Citrobacter freundii. A second cluster centers around CMY-1. It is less homogeneous and not closely related chromosomal AmpC enzymes. Molecular diversification by amino acid substitutions does not usually translate into a change in the resistance phenotype. At this time, CMY-2 appears to be the most prevalent and widely distributed. Further global increase of prevalence and diversity of plasmidic AmpC beta-lactamases have to be anticipated in the next millenium.
Microbiology/trends ; Plasmids/genetics* ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Tissue Distribution ; beta-Lactamases/metabolism ; beta-Lactamases/genetics*

Animals ; Bacterial Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Chickens ; microbiology ; Escherichia coli ; genetics ; metabolism ; Genotype ; beta-Lactamases ; genetics ; metabolism

A clinical isolate of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis in Korea was found to produce the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase CTX-M-15. The isolate was recovered in 2008 from the stool of a 3-yr-old boy with gastroenteritis. This isolate was found to be resistant to multiple drugs, including ampicillin, piperacillin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefepime, and aztreonam. The resistance to cefotaxime was transferred by conjugation to recipient Escherichia coli J53. The patient was eventually successfully treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. This is the first report of the bla (CTX-M-15) gene in S. enterica serotype Enteritidis in Korea.
Child, Preschool ; Gastroenteritis/diagnosis/*microbiology ; Humans ; Male ; Salmonella enteritidis/genetics/*isolation & purification ; Serotyping ; beta-Lactamases/*genetics

The gene and the amino acid sequence of the structural and regulatory region of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa with different resistance patterns were analyzed. Six strains with different resistance patterns were selected and the AmpC beta-lactamase was identified. The objective gene fragment was amplified by colonies PCR. The sequences of the PCR-products were analyzed. The DNA sequence of the structural gene ampC and the regulatory genes ampR, ampD and ampE was detected. The 6 strains and the wild-type Pseudomonas aeruginosa are highly homogeneous in structural and regulatory region. Some new mutant points were found.
Bacterial Proteins/*genetics ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Point Mutation/*genetics ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/enzymology ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; beta-Lactam Resistance/*genetics ; beta-Lactamases/*genetics

OBJECTIVEIn order to study the epidemiology of TEM-1 genes of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Ng) in Wuxi area.

METHODSIn the light from foreign literature that positive Ng strains of beta-lactamase contain plasmid sequences of TEM-1 genes, heminested PCR for TME-1 genes of Ng detection was self-designed. Ng of 195 strains were detected, that were isolated in Wuxi area from Jan to the Oct, 2002.

RESULTSThere were 138 TEM-1 genes positive in 195 isolated strains with a positive rate of 70.8%. There was one case of heminested PCR product of TEM-1 genes which showed the homogeneity was 99% in Wuxi area, when comparing with pFA7 sequences of positive Ng plasmid of beta-lactase from register GenBank.

CONCLUSIONData showed that the Ng strains with TEM-1 genes were the prevalent ones in Wuxi area.

China ; epidemiology ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; genetics ; Gonorrhea ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Humans ; Neisseria gonorrhoeae ; enzymology ; genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; beta-Lactamases ; genetics

OBJECTIVETo investigate the molecular mechanism of carbapenem resistance in the clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii from Xi'an and their profile of carbapenemase production.

METHODSA total of 146 Acinetobacter baumannii strains were isolated from 6 general hospitals in Xi'an. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed for all the strains, followed by detection of imipenem resistance using E-test for metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) and NaCl inhibition test for OXA type carbapenemase. Bla(OXA-23)and bla(OXA-58) were amplified by PCR, and the positive products were sequenced.

RESULTSFrom the collected strains, 15 non-repetitive imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains were identified, among which 14 yielded negative results in E-test for MBL production. All the resistant strains showed increased sensitivity to imipenem after NaCl inhibition, suggesting the presence of carbapenemase production. Eleven of the strains harbored OXA -23 type gene and 1 harbored OXA -58 type gene. The concordance rate of the results by NaCl inhibition test and PCR was 85.7%.

CONCLUSIONSProduction of OXA-type carbapenemase is the most important reason for carbapenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii in Xi'an. The OXA-58 type gene is a novel carbapenemase genotype in China. NaCl inhibition test is a convenient and cost-effective method for detecting carbapenemase in Acinetobacter baumannii.

Acinetobacter baumannii ; drug effects ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; pharmacology ; Bacterial Proteins ; genetics ; China ; Humans ; Imipenem ; pharmacology ; beta-Lactam Resistance ; beta-Lactamases ; genetics

To study the resistant mechanism and clinical significance of pseudomonas aeruginosa to beta-lactam antibiotics, the outer membrane permeability rate of 30 P. aeruginosa strains to 5 beta-lactam antibiotics was measured and their production of beta-lactamase and the beta-lactamase genes they carried detected. Furthermore, the relationship between the permeability, beta-lactamase and the clinical effects of beta-lactam antibiotics was observed. By using 14C-penicillin and liquid-scintillant isotope assay, the affinity of penicillin binding proteins (PBPS) was measured and their roles in the resistant mechanism studied. It was revealed that the permeability rate was higher in sensitive strains than in resistant ones (P < 0.05). All strains harbored 1-4 beta-lactamase genes and produced beta-lactamase. Higher permeability rate and higher degree of stability to beta-lactamase indicated better clinical therapeutic effects. The affinity of PBPs changed little without regard to the permeability and beta-lactamase. These results suggested that the permeability of outer membrane and beta-lactamase, but not PBPs, played important roles in the resistant mechanism of P. aeruginosa to beta-lactam antibiotics and affected the clinical therapeutic effectiveness of some patients.
Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology ; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/metabolism ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Permeability ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/*drug effects ; beta-Lactam Resistance/*genetics ; beta-Lactamases/metabolism ; beta-Lactams/*pharmacology

To study the resistant mechanism and clinical significance of pseudomonas aeruginosa to beta-lactam antibiotics, the outer membrane permeability rate of 30 P. aeruginosa strains to 5 beta-lactam antibiotics was measured and their production of beta-lactamase and the beta-lactamase genes they carried detected. Furthermore, the relationship between the permeability, beta-lactamase and the clinical effects of beta-lactam antibiotics was observed. By using 14C-penicillin and liquid-scintillant isotope assay, the affinity of penicillin binding proteins (PBPS) was measured and their roles in the resistant mechanism studied. It was revealed that the permeability rate was higher in sensitive strains than in resistant ones (P < 0.05). All strains harbored 1-4 beta-lactamase genes and produced beta-lactamase. Higher permeability rate and higher degree of stability to beta-lactamase indicated better clinical therapeutic effects. The affinity of PBPs changed little without regard to the permeability and beta-lactamase. These results suggested that the permeability of outer membrane and beta-lactamase, but not PBPs, played important roles in the resistant mechanism of P. aeruginosa to beta-lactam antibiotics and affected the clinical therapeutic effectiveness of some patients.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; pharmacology ; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins ; metabolism ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Permeability ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; drug effects ; beta-Lactam Resistance ; genetics ; beta-Lactamases ; metabolism ; beta-Lactams ; pharmacology