OBJECTIVE: Our study aimed to conduct genomic characterization of Salmonella strains carrying the bla _NDM-1 gene in the intestinal tract of healthy individuals. The objectives were to underscore the importance of genomic surveillance for drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic bacteria among healthy populations, and to establish protocols for regulating drug resistance plasmids based on the completion of a comprehensive map of drug resistance plasmid genomes. METHODS: We performed antimicrobial susceptibility testing and employed second- and third-generation sequencing techniques to analyze Salmonella strains harboring the bla _NDM-1 gene, to surveil drug-resistant bacteria in the intestines of healthy subjects. Sequence comparison was conducted using both core- and pan-genome approaches. Concurrently, conjugation experiments were carried out to assess the efficiency of plasmid transfer. RESULTS: We isolated a carbapenem-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strain from a healthy food worker in China. This strain harbored an IncHI2/IncHI2A plasmid carrying bla _NDM-1 along with multiple antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Our findings highlight the potential for asymptomatic carriers to facilitate the transmission of ARGs. Pan-genomic analysis revealed that bla _NDM-1-positive plasmids could traverse bacterial species barriers, facilitating cross-host transmission. CONCLUSION This study marks the first detection of bla _NDM-1 in Salmonella strains isolated from healthy individuals. We underscore the risk associated with the transmission of conjugative hybrid plasmids carrying bla _NDM-1, which have the potential to be harbored and transmitted among healthy individuals. Enhanced surveillance of drug-resistant pathogens and plasmids in the intestinal microbiota of healthy individuals could provide insights into the risk of ARG transmission and pathways for population-wide dissemination via ARG transfer factors.
beta-Lactamases/genetics* ; Plasmids/genetics* ; Humans ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology* ; China ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Salmonella typhimurium/isolation & purification* ; Salmonella/isolation & purification* ; Salmonella Infections/microbiology*

OBJECTIVES: The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) presents a significant challenge in clinical anti-infective treatment. This study aims to investigate drug resistance and the molecular epidemiological characteristics of CRE in our area. Additionally, we seek to evaluate practicality of utilizing carbapenemase inhibitor enhancement test in clinical laboratory. METHODS: Non-repeated CREs isolated from clinical specimens at Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, were collected. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) combined with Kirby-Bauer (KB) assay was used to detect the drug susceptibility of the strains, and 13 carbapenemase-producing genes were detected by PCR. The phenotype of 126 strains of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales identified by PCR was detected by the carbapenemase inhibitor enhancement test to understand the agreement between the method and the gold standard PCR results. RESULTS: Among 704 CRE strains examined, we observed significant drug resistance in 501 strains dentified as carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE). Klebsiella pneumoniae was the predominant CPE strain, followed by Enterobacter cloacae and Escherichia coli. A total of 9 carbapenemase types were detected, including Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC), New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM), Verona integron- encoded metallo-β-lactamases (VIM), imipenemase (IMP), oxacillinase-48 (OXA-48), and rare imipenem-hydrolyzing β-lactamase (IMI), adelaide imipenemase (AIM), Bicêtre carbapenemase (BIC), and guiana extended-spectrum β-lactamase (GES). The detection rate of KPC serine carbapenemase was 61.7% (309/501). The carbapenemase inhibitor enhancement test exhibited a 100% consistency rate for the strains producing Class A serine carbapenemase and/or Class B metallo-β-lactamases. CONCLUSIONS CRE strains in Changsha, Hunan, China, are wide distribution and exhibit carbapenemase production. The main mechanism of carbapenem resistance in these bacterias is predominatly attributed to the production of KPC serine carbapenemase. The presence of GES and IMI genes carried by Enterobacterales has been detected for the first time in this region. The carbapenemase inhibitor enhancement test has been proven to be an accurate method for detecting CRE producing Class A serine carbapenemase and/or Class B metallo-β-lactamases. This method offers simpicity of operation and ease of results interpretation, making it weel-suited meeting the clinical microbiology laboratory's reguirements for the detection of serine carbapenemase and metallo-β-lactamases.
Humans ; Carbapenems/pharmacology* ; Molecular Epidemiology ; Bacterial Proteins/analysis* ; beta-Lactamases/analysis* ; Klebsiella pneumoniae/genetics* ; Escherichia coli ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Serine ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology*

Objective: Analysis and investigation of pathogenic characteristics of polymyxin-and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (PR-CRKP). Methods: A total of 23 PR-CRKP strains isolated from clinical specimens from the General Hospital of Southern Theater Command from March 2019 to July 2021 were retrospectively collected, Whole-genome sequencing was performed on 23 PR-CRKP strains, resistance genes were identified by comparison of the CARD and the ResFinder database, high-resolution typing of PR-CRKP strains was analyzed by core genomic multilocus sequencing (cgMLST) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP); polymyxin resistance genes were determined by PCR and sequencing. Results: All PR-CRKP strains were KPC-2 producing ST11 types. cgMLST results showed that the evolutionary distance between the PR-CRKP strains and Klebsiella pneumoniae in mainland China was 66.44 on average, which is more closely related than foreign strains; the 23 PR-CRKP strains were divided into 3 main subclusters based on SNP phylogenetic trees, with some aggregation among Clade 2-1 in the isolation department and date. The two-component negative regulatory gene mgrB has seven mutation types including point mutations, different insertion fragments and different insertion positions. Conclusion: The close affinity of PR-CRKP strains indicate the possibility of nosocomial clonal transmission and the need to strengthen surveillance of PR-CRKP strains to prevent epidemic transmission of PR-CRKP.
Humans ; Carbapenems/pharmacology* ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use* ; Klebsiella pneumoniae/genetics* ; Polymyxins/pharmacology* ; beta-Lactamases ; Phylogeny ; Retrospective Studies ; Multilocus Sequence Typing ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests

To explore the clinical distribution and drug resistance characteristics of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP), in order to provide reference for the prevention and treatment of CRKP infection. Retrospective analysis was performed on 510 clinical isolates of CRKP from January 2017 to December 2021, and strain identification and drug sensitivity tests were conducted by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer and VITEK-2 Compact microbial drug sensitivity analyzer. The carbapenemase phenotype of CRKP strain was detected by carbapenemase inhibitor enhancement test. The CRKP strain was further categorized by immunochromogenic method and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for gene detection. The results showed that 302 strains (59.2%) were derived from sputum, 127 strains (24.9%) from urine and 47 strains (9.2%) from blood. 231 (45.3%) were mainly distributed in intensive care, followed by 108 (21.2%) in respiratory medicine and 79 (15.5%) in neurosurgery. Drug susceptibility test result shows that the resistant rate of tigecycline increased from 1.0% in 2017 to 10.1% in 2021, the difference was statistically significant (χ²=14.444,P<0.05). The results of carbapenemase inhibitor enhancement test showed that 461 carbapenemase strains (90.4%) of 510 CRKP strains, including 450 serinase strains (88.2%), 9 metalloenzyme strains (1.8%), and 2 strains (0.4%) produced both serine and metalloenzyme. 49 strains (9.6%) did not produce enzymes. Further typing by immunochromogenic assay showed that 461 CRKP strains were KPC 450 (97.6%) and IMP 2 (0.4%). 7 NDM (1.5%); 2 strains of KPC+NDM (0.4%); PCR results were as follows: 450 strains of blaKPC (97.6%), 2 strains of blaIMP (0.4%), 7 strains of blaNDM (1.5%), and 2 strains of blaKPC+NDM (0.4%). In conclusion, CRKP strains mainly originated from sputum specimens and distributed in intensive care department, and the drug resistance characteristics were mainly KPC type in carbapenemase production. Clinical microbiology laboratory should strengthen the monitoring of CRKP strains, so as to provide reference for preventing CRKP infection and reducing the production of bacterial drug resistance.
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology* ; Carbapenems/pharmacology* ; Klebsiella pneumoniae/genetics* ; Hospital Distribution Systems ; Retrospective Studies ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; beta-Lactamases/genetics* ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics* ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics*

Objective: To identify the antibiotic resistance, virulence genes, and sequence types of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) strains isolated from blood. Methods: From November 2014 to December 2021, a total of 94 nonrepetitive P. aeruginosa isolates were obtained from blood samples of patients at the First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University in Shandong Province, China. The bacteria were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. Antibiotic resistance of the P. aeruginosa isolates was detected using Vitek 2 Compact system. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was conducted for the 18 virulence genes, and multi locus sequence typing (MLST) was performed to identify the sequence types of the P. aeruginosa strains. The resistance rates and distributions of virulence genes between carbapenem resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA) and carbapenem susceptible pseudomonas aeruginosa (CSPA) isolates were compared using the Chi-square test. Results: Among 94 P. aeruginosa isolates, 19 (20.2%) isolates were found to be multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria, of which 17 were CRPA isolates and 2 were CSPA isolates. All strains contained more than 10 virulence genes. Except for exoU gene, the detection rate of other genes was above 83%. MLST analysis revealed a total of 66 different STs, including 59 existing STs and 7 novel STs. Among them, ST244 (n=11, 11.7%) and ST270 (n=7, 7.4%) were the dominant STs. Although these two types of isolates harbored the same virulence genes, the resistance rates to carbapenem were different. 54.5% (6/11) ST244 isolates were CRPA but all 7 ST270 isolates were CSPA. Conclusion: Although the resistance rates of P. aeruginosa strains isolated from blood were at a low level, some MDR and CRPA isolates were detected. As the high virulence gene detection rates and genetic diversity were found for P. aeruginosa strains isolated from blood, close attention should be paid to avoid transmission and outbreaks.
Humans ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/genetics* ; Multilocus Sequence Typing ; Molecular Epidemiology ; Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology* ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Hospitals ; Carbapenems/pharmacology* ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics* ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology* ; beta-Lactamases

To investigate the effect and the mechanism of ppk1 gene deletion on the drug susceptibility of uropathogenic Escherichia coli producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs-UPEC). The study was an experimental study. From March to April 2021, a strain of ESBLs-UPEC (genotype was TEM combined with CTX-M-14) named as UE210113, was isolated from urine sample of the patient with urinary tract infection in the Laboratory Department of Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, meanwhile its ppk1 gene knock-out strain Δpk1 and complemented strain Δpk1-C were constructed by suicide plasmid homologous recombination technique, which was used to study the effect of ppk1 gene on ESBLs-UPEC drug sensitivity and its mechanism. The drug susceptibility of UE210113, Δpk1, and Δpk1-C were measured by Vitek2 Compact System and broth microdilution method. The quantitative expression of ESBLs, outer membrane protein and multidrug efflux systems encoding genes of UE210113, Δpk1 and Δpk1-C were performed by using qRT-PCR analysis. By using two independent sample Mann-Whitney U test, the drug susceptibility results showed that, compared with UE210113 strain, the sensitivities of Δpk1 to ceftazidime, cefepime, tobramycin, minocycline and cotrimoxazole were enhanced (Z=-2.121,P<0.05;Z=-2.236,P<0.05;Z=-2.236,P<0.05;Z=-2.121,P<0.05), and the drug susceptibility of Δpk1-C restored to the same as which of UE210113 (Z=0,P>0.05). The expression levels of ESBLs-enconding genes bla_TEM and bla_CTX-M-14 in Δpk1 were significantly down-regulated compared with UE210113, but the expression was not restored in Δpk1-C. The expression of outer membrane protein gene omp F in Δpk1 was significantly up-regulated, while the expression of omp A and omp C were down-regulated. The results showed that the expression of multidrug efflux systems encoding genes tol C, mdt A and mdtG were down-regulated in Δpk1 compared with UE210113. The expression of all of the outer membrane protein genes and the multidrug efflux systems genes were restored in Δpk1-C. In conclusion,the lost of ppk1 gene can affect the expression of the outer membrane protein and multidrug efflux systems encoding genes of ESBLs-UPEC, which increase the sensitivity of ESBLs-UPEC to various drugs.
Humans ; beta-Lactamases/metabolism* ; Uropathogenic Escherichia coli/metabolism* ; Urinary Tract Infections ; Plasmids ; Membrane Proteins/genetics* ; Escherichia coli Infections ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology*

Objective: To identify the antibiotic resistance, virulence genes, and sequence types of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) strains isolated from blood. Methods: From November 2014 to December 2021, a total of 94 nonrepetitive P. aeruginosa isolates were obtained from blood samples of patients at the First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University in Shandong Province, China. The bacteria were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. Antibiotic resistance of the P. aeruginosa isolates was detected using Vitek 2 Compact system. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was conducted for the 18 virulence genes, and multi locus sequence typing (MLST) was performed to identify the sequence types of the P. aeruginosa strains. The resistance rates and distributions of virulence genes between carbapenem resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA) and carbapenem susceptible pseudomonas aeruginosa (CSPA) isolates were compared using the Chi-square test. Results: Among 94 P. aeruginosa isolates, 19 (20.2%) isolates were found to be multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria, of which 17 were CRPA isolates and 2 were CSPA isolates. All strains contained more than 10 virulence genes. Except for exoU gene, the detection rate of other genes was above 83%. MLST analysis revealed a total of 66 different STs, including 59 existing STs and 7 novel STs. Among them, ST244 (n=11, 11.7%) and ST270 (n=7, 7.4%) were the dominant STs. Although these two types of isolates harbored the same virulence genes, the resistance rates to carbapenem were different. 54.5% (6/11) ST244 isolates were CRPA but all 7 ST270 isolates were CSPA. Conclusion: Although the resistance rates of P. aeruginosa strains isolated from blood were at a low level, some MDR and CRPA isolates were detected. As the high virulence gene detection rates and genetic diversity were found for P. aeruginosa strains isolated from blood, close attention should be paid to avoid transmission and outbreaks.
Humans ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/genetics* ; Multilocus Sequence Typing ; Molecular Epidemiology ; Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology* ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Hospitals ; Carbapenems/pharmacology* ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics* ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology* ; beta-Lactamases

To investigate the effect and the mechanism of ppk1 gene deletion on the drug susceptibility of uropathogenic Escherichia coli producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs-UPEC). The study was an experimental study. From March to April 2021, a strain of ESBLs-UPEC (genotype was TEM combined with CTX-M-14) named as UE210113, was isolated from urine sample of the patient with urinary tract infection in the Laboratory Department of Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, meanwhile its ppk1 gene knock-out strain Δpk1 and complemented strain Δpk1-C were constructed by suicide plasmid homologous recombination technique, which was used to study the effect of ppk1 gene on ESBLs-UPEC drug sensitivity and its mechanism. The drug susceptibility of UE210113, Δpk1, and Δpk1-C were measured by Vitek2 Compact System and broth microdilution method. The quantitative expression of ESBLs, outer membrane protein and multidrug efflux systems encoding genes of UE210113, Δpk1 and Δpk1-C were performed by using qRT-PCR analysis. By using two independent sample Mann-Whitney U test, the drug susceptibility results showed that, compared with UE210113 strain, the sensitivities of Δpk1 to ceftazidime, cefepime, tobramycin, minocycline and cotrimoxazole were enhanced (Z=-2.121,P<0.05;Z=-2.236,P<0.05;Z=-2.236,P<0.05;Z=-2.121,P<0.05), and the drug susceptibility of Δpk1-C restored to the same as which of UE210113 (Z=0,P>0.05). The expression levels of ESBLs-enconding genes bla_TEM and bla_CTX-M-14 in Δpk1 were significantly down-regulated compared with UE210113, but the expression was not restored in Δpk1-C. The expression of outer membrane protein gene omp F in Δpk1 was significantly up-regulated, while the expression of omp A and omp C were down-regulated. The results showed that the expression of multidrug efflux systems encoding genes tol C, mdt A and mdtG were down-regulated in Δpk1 compared with UE210113. The expression of all of the outer membrane protein genes and the multidrug efflux systems genes were restored in Δpk1-C. In conclusion,the lost of ppk1 gene can affect the expression of the outer membrane protein and multidrug efflux systems encoding genes of ESBLs-UPEC, which increase the sensitivity of ESBLs-UPEC to various drugs.
Humans ; beta-Lactamases/metabolism* ; Uropathogenic Escherichia coli/metabolism* ; Urinary Tract Infections ; Plasmids ; Membrane Proteins/genetics* ; Escherichia coli Infections ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology*

OBJECTIVE: To detect the expression of different transcripts of lactamase β（LACTB) gene in leukemic cell lines. METHODS: NCBI website and DNAstar software were used to detect the Bioinformatics analysis of LACTB. The expression of different transcripts of LACTB gene in leukemic cell lines (THP-1, HL60, K562, U937, Jurkat and Raji) was detected by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR), DNA and clone sequencing; the expression of different transcripts of LACTB gene in leukemic cell lines was detected by Quantitative Real-time PCR. RESULTS: There were a variety of splicing isomers in LACTB, and it could produce a variety of protein isomers with conserved N-terminal and different C-terminal, moreover, there were many splice isoforms of LACTB in leukemia cell lines, and there were different expression patterns in different cell lines, including XR1, V1, V2 and V3. The expression of total LACTB showed high in HL60 cells, while low in Raji cells, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The V1 was high expression in U937 cells but low in Raji cells, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). V2 was high expression in HL60 cells but lowly in Raji cells, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The expression of V3 was low in THP-1 cells, which was significantly different as compared with that in normal bone marrow (P<0.05). CONCLUSION The reaserch found that there are many splice isomers of LACTB in leukemic cell lines, and there are different expression patterns in different cell lines.
Alternative Splicing ; HL-60 Cells ; Humans ; Leukemia/genetics* ; Membrane Proteins/genetics* ; Mitochondrial Proteins/genetics* ; RNA Splicing ; U937 Cells ; beta-Lactamases/genetics*

BACKGROUND: Carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (CP-Kp) poses distinct clinical challenges due to extensively drug resistant (XDR) phenotype, and sequence type (ST) 11 is the most dominant blaKPC-2-bearing CP-Kp clone in China. The purpose of this current retrospective study was to explore the genetic factors associated with the success of XDR CP-Kp ST11 strains circulated in the intensive care unit (ICU) of a Chinese tertiary hospital. METHODS: Six ST11 XDR CP-Kp strains were identified between May and December 2014 and validated by minimum inhibitory concentration examination, polymerase chain reaction, and pyrosequencing. The six ST11 XDR CP-Kp, as well as three multi-drug resistant (MDR) and four susceptible strains, were sequenced using single-molecule real-time method. Comprehensively structural and functional analysis based on comparative genomics was performed to identify genomic characteristics of the XDR ST11 CP-Kp strains. RESULTS: We found that ST11 XDR blaKPC-2-bearing CP-Kp strains isolated from inpatients spread in the ICU of the hospital. Functionally, genes associated with information storage and processing of the ST11 XDR CP-Kp strains were more abundant than those of MDR and susceptible strains, especially genes correlative with mobile genetic elements (MGEs) such as transposons and prophages. Structurally, eleven large-scale genetic regions taken for the unique genome in these ST11 XDR CP-Kp strains were identified as MGEs including transposons, integrons, prophages, genomic islands, and integrative and conjugative elements. Three of them were located on plasmids and eight on chromosomes; five of them were with antimicrobial resistance genes and eight with adaptation associated genes. Notably, a new blaKPC-2-bearing ΔΔTn1721-blaKPC-2 transposon, probably transposed and truncated from ΔTn1721-blaKPC-2 by IS903D and ISKpn8, was identified in all six ST11 XDR CP-Kp strains. CONCLUSION Our findings suggested that together with clonal spread, MGEs identified uniquely in the ST11 XDR CP-Kp strains might contribute to their formidable adaptability, which facilitated their widespread dissemination in hospital.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Bacterial Proteins ; China ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field ; Hospitals ; Humans ; Klebsiella Infections/drug therapy* ; Klebsiella pneumoniae/genetics* ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Multilocus Sequence Typing ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; Retrospective Studies ; beta-Lactamases/genetics*