Double pylorus (DP) or duplication of the pylorus is an uncommon condition that is either congenital or acquired. Acquired double pylorus (DP) results from a peptic ulcer eroding through and creating a fistula between the duodenal bulb and the distal stomach. We report a case of an acquired double pylorus in an adult gentleman that resulted from the erosion of a duodenal and prepyloric ulcer.
Duodenal Ulcer/*pathology ; Pylorus/*pathology ; Stomach Ulcer/*pathology

Dental caries are attributed to various factors including diet. The present crosssectional study determined the frequency of sugary food and drink consumption and defined its relationship to dental caries among preschool children. A total of 50 preschoolers (aged 5-6 years) in three kindergartens of the Department of Community Development (KEMAS) in Titiwangsa, Kuala Lumpur participated in this study. A set of structured questionnaires was used to assess the frequency of sugary food and drink consumption. Dental check ups were performed by a dentist. The dft index (decayed, filled teeth) was used to describe incidence of caries in subjects. Results showed that 62% of the subjects had dental caries. with the mean dft score being 3.72. The frequency of sugary food consumption by the majority of subjects was 2 times a day, while the frequency of sugary drink consumption was more than 3 times a day. There was no significant relationship between frequency of sugary food and drink consumption with incidence of caries. Subjects with high dft scores were more likely to report dental pain. The prevalence of dental caries in preschoolers in this study was high, indicating a need for effective dental health promotion to improve dental health status of this age group.

Gallstone disease is a common association in patients with haematological splenomegaly. When indicated, simultaneous splenectomy and cholecystectomy should be performed and traditionally this is accomplished by open surgery. We report a 17 year old thalassaemic girl with splenomegaly complicated by gallstone pancreatitis. We treated her with a combination of needlescopic cholecystectomy and laparoscopic splenectomy as well as delivering the huge spleen via a pfannenstiel incision to hide the scar. We believe this technique is an acceptable alternative mainly for rapid delivery of the spleen and to minimize visible scars hence improving cosmesis.
Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic/*methods ; Cholelithiasis/etiology ; Cholelithiasis/*surgery ; Splenectomy/*methods ; Splenomegaly/etiology ; Splenomegaly/*surgery ; beta-Thalassemia/*complications

Epidermoid cyst is a common benign cutaneous swelling frequently encountered in surgical practice. It usually presents as a painless lump frequently occurring in hairbearing areas of the body particularly the scalp, scrotum, neck, shoulder and back. Giant epidermoid cysts commonly occur in hairy areas such as the scalp. We present here the case of a rare occurrence of a giant epidermoid cyst in the less hairy area of the right upper thigh mimicking a soft tissue sarcoma. Steps are highlighted for the management of this unusual cyst.

The Osteoporosis Self-Assessment Tool for Asians (OSTA) score has been developed to identify women at risk of osteoporosis. It can be used as a screening tool for patients at risk who would benefit from bone mineral density measurement and treatment. It was developed based on data from eight countries including Malaysia. However, most subjects were of Chinese (59%). This study evaluated the performance of OSTA among 152 post-menopausal Malay women. OSTA score calculation and DEXA scan were performed. Our results showed that the OSTA score is a good predictor of patients at risk of osteoporosis based on BMD measurements at the proximal femur. Instrument sensitivity was 87.5%, specificity was 95.8%, positive predictive value (PPV) was 0.538, negative predictive value (NPV) was 0.993, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was 0.895. We conclude that use of the OSTA score in postmenopausal Malay women is effective and has adequate sensitivity and specificity.

Presence of a hypofunctioning pigmented adenoma are commonly asymptomatic and is usually only found during an autopsy. In contrast, hyperfunctioning pigmented adenoma is a rare clinical entity and in the majority of cases results in Cushing‟s syndrome. In this case study, we report a 66-year-old male who presented instead with the clinical and biochemical features of Conn‟s syndrome. On laparoscopic adrenalectomy, it was found that the tumour had a functioning black adenoma which does not usually present with Conn‟s syndrome but rather to that of a Cushing‟s. The intraoperative changes and histopathological findings are discussed.
Laparoscopy

This is a cross-sectional study on 218 pregnant mothers in an urban government Hospital. The study aimed to assess knowledge, attitudes and sources of information on breastfeeding. The results could be utilised to promote breastfeeding. Almost all the respondents (96.8%) intended to breastfeed their newborns. Most of them (74.8%) were knowledgeable about breastfeeding i.e. colostrum and breast milk was the best food, good for resistance against disease and allergy, filling up stomach easily, helpful in teeth development and maternal recovery after birth, increased bonding, was easy and economical. The two main misconceptions were mothers would stop breastfeeding when infant or mother was sick, and giving clear fluid to the exclusively breastfed infants to prevent dehydration. Most mothers (83.9%) responded positively towards breastfeeding i.e. it was easier than infant formula, had no negative effect on marital relationship or family care, would commence breastfeeding straight after delivery, agreeable to the banning of bottles and teats in hospital and they would not stop breastfeeding even if husband discouraged them. Only 56.9% of the mothers believed they could breastfeed their babies with modesty anywhere. The main sources of information were attained from the mass media (34.9%), antenatal class (32.1%) and other mothers with breastfeeding experiences.

An open lung biopsy was performed in 12 children with diffuse parenchymal lung disease. A definitive histopathological diagnosis was obtained from all procedures but determined treatment options in only 10 children (83%). Three (25%) children were ventilated for respiratory failure prior to the procedure. Four (44%) of the other 9 children required ventilatory support after the procedure. Three (25%) children developed post-op pneumothorax that resolved fully with chest tube drainage. There were no deaths as a direct result of the procedure. Open lung biopsy is useful in providing a definitive diagnosis in children with diffuse parenchymal lung disease and determining treatment in the majority of cases. The procedure was well-tolerated with minimal complications.
*Biopsy ; Lung/*pathology ; Lung Diseases/*pathology ; Scleroderma, Diffuse

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted as the first attempt of reviewing Prime Minister Narendra Modi's almost four year-old ministry as an innovative health policy. Modi's administration has employed innovative strategies such as the embracement of indigenous transformation of health system side by side with the strengthening of modern medical technology and practices. This facilitated the birth of the Ministry of AYUSH. This paper analyzed the processes involving the development and implementation of Modi's innovations in India's health sector.

METHODOLOGY: Through contextual analysis, data were generated from various online sources including reports and modules available in the Ministry of Ayush and other government offices' websites.

RESULTS: It showed that the set of trends identified by Cavalcante and Camoes was present in the ministry as a public management innovation in health care in India. These are the improvement of transparency mechanisms, open government and accountability; promotion of e-government; ease access and citizen participation in public administration; new public policies that encourage more active role of citizens in the creation of political capital; networks and partnerships of state actors, social and private enterprises; and expansion of information technology to increase the quality and efficiency in the delivery of public services.

CONCLUSION: The establishment of the Ministry of Ayush and the policy on Indian System of Medicine and Homoeopathy is another example of indigenous transformation in public management in Asia which brings synergy between the traditional wisdom of AYUSH and modern diagnostic tools and technology.

OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of schizophrenia is 1%, and it is a debilitating disorder that often results in a shortened lifespan. Peripheral blood samples are good candidates to investigate because they can be easily drawn, and they are widely studied in psychiatric disorders. MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNA transcripts. They regulate the expression of genes by binding to the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of mRNAs and pointing them to degrade. In this study, we aimed to investigate the expression of miR-9-5p, miR-29a-3p, miR-106-5p, miR-106b-5p, miR-107, miR-125a-3p, and miR-125b-3p in schizophrenia patients and healthy controls. METHODS: We collected blood samples from 16 patients with schizophrenia and 16 healthy controls. MicroRNAs were measured with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Schizophrenia patients showed statistically significant upregulation of five microRNAs: miR9-5p (p=0.002), miR29a-3p (p<0.001), miR106b-5p (p=0.002), miR125a-3p (p<0.001), and miR125b-3p (p=0.018). CONCLUSION: Our results increased the value of the miR106 and miR29 families as potentially and consistently dysregulated in psychiatric disorders. Our results should be considered preliminary, and they need confirmation in future studies with larger sample sizes.
Humans ; MicroRNAs* ; Prevalence ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Messenger ; RNA, Small Untranslated ; Sample Size ; Schizophrenia* ; Up-Regulation