No abstract available.
Aging* ; Anatomy, Comparative* ; Animals*

PURPOSE: To compare the measurements between manifest refraction and cycloplegic refraction using retinoscopy or an autorefractor in children and to investigate factors affecting the difference. METHODS: A total of 388 children with a mean age of 7.4 ± 3.6 years were examined using retinoscopy and a Grand Seiko GR-3500KA autorefractor before and after cycloplegia. We compared the difference in spherical and cylindrical components between refractions and analyzed the results according to gender, age, type of refractive error, amblyopia, strabismus, and neuro-developmental disorder. A difference in refractions of ±0.50 D or more was considered as a significant discrepancy. RESULTS: Before cycloplegia, the spherical portion of the refractive error via autorefractor measurement was more myopic than for the retinoscopic measurement in 47.2% of patients, and the cylindrical portion was greater in 37.1%. The spherical discrepancies were more common in children aged < 7 years, with hyperopia, or amblyopia (respectively, p = 0.002, p < 0.001, and p = 0.033). After cycloplegia, the spherical component of the refractive error by auto-refraction differed from retinoscopic measurement in 29.4% of patients, and the cylindrical portion differed in 30.7%. However, the difference was not significant and there was no difference according to clinical features. More than half of the children with discrepancies in the spherical component between retinoscopic refractions before and after cycloplegia had a discrepancy between auto-refraction and retinoscopic refraction before cycloplegia, and the two discrepancies had a significant correlation. CONCLUSIONS: Auto-refraction after cycloplegia can estimate retinoscopic values partially. Nevertheless, 30% of the children still showed a discrepancy. The discrepancy of manifest refraction or auto-refraction compared to retinoscopic refraction with cycloplegia should be considered in younger children, cases with hyperopia or amblyopia, and cases with a difference in auto-refraction and retinoscopic refraction before cycloplegia.
Amblyopia ; Child* ; Humans ; Hyperopia ; Refractive Errors ; Retinoscopy* ; Strabismus

Management of incisional scar is intimately connected to stages of wound healing. The management of an elective surgery patient begins with a thorough informed consent process in which the patient is made aware of personal and clinical circumstances that cannot be modified, such as age, ethnicity, and previous history of hypertrophic scars. In scar prevention, the single most important modifiable factor is wound tension during the proliferative and remodeling phases, and this is determined by the choice of incision design. Traditional incisions most often follow relaxed skin tension lines, but no such lines exist in high surface tension areas. If such incisions are unavoidable, the patient must be informed of this ahead of time. The management of a surgical incision does not end when the sutures are removed. Surgical scar care should be continued for one year. Patient participation is paramount in obtaining the optimal outcome. Postoperative visits should screen for signs of scar hypertrophy and has a dual purpose of continued patient education and reinforcement of proper care. Early intervention is a key to control hyperplastic response. Hypertrophic scars that do not improve by 6 months are keloids and should be managed aggressively with intralesional steroid injections and alternate modalities.
Cicatrix/*prevention & control/surgery ; Cicatrix, Hypertrophic/prevention & control ; Humans ; Keloid/prevention & control/radiotherapy ; Sebaceous Glands/physiology ; Skin/physiopathology ; Wound Healing

PURPOSE: To report a case of cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistula following Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. CASE SUMMARY: A 64-year-old female with a history of hypertension, presented with blepharoptosis and periorbital pain in the right eye and diplopia. Her right pupil was dilated. She had right exotropia and right hypertropia with inability to elevate, depress, and adduct the right eye. Magnetic resonance imaging including angiography, revealed hyperintensities in the right cavernous sinus consistent with inflammation and no vascular abnormalities. Three days after oral corticosteroid therapy, the pain disappeared. A presumptive diagnosis was Tolosa-Hunt syndrome presenting as a form of complete oculomotor nerve palsy. Two months later, she experienced severe pain in the right periocular area, even though blepharoptosis was resolved and ocular motility was improved. A rapid response to high-dose intravenous corticosteroids was consistent with recurrence of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. Three months later, she had normal ocular motility, but developed a conjunctival injection, pulsatile orbital bruits, and exophthalmos in the right eye. Cerebral angiography showed a cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistula. She received a transvenous coil embolization and her symptoms markedly improved over 2 months. CONCLUSIONS: Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, a granulomatous inflammation in the cavernous sinus may be followed by cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistula and should be considered during follow-up.
Adrenal Cortex Hormones ; Angiography ; Blepharoptosis ; Cavernous Sinus* ; Central Nervous System Vascular Malformations* ; Cerebral Angiography ; Diagnosis ; Diplopia ; Embolization, Therapeutic ; Exophthalmos ; Exotropia ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Inflammation ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Middle Aged ; Oculomotor Nerve Diseases ; Orbit ; Pupil ; Recurrence ; Strabismus ; Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome*

PURPOSE: To report two patients with positive ice tests who had diplopia and blepharoptosis caused by something other than ocular myasthenia gravis. CASE SUMMARY: A 35-year-old female presented with a one-week history of inability to adduct the left eye and left blepharoptosis. Although the ice test was positive, serum anti-acetylcholine receptor binding antibody and the repetitive nerve stimulation test were negative. Brain angiography showed an aneurysm of the left posterior communicating artery, leading to the diagnosis of left pupil-sparing oculomotor nerve palsy. A 25-year-old female presented with an 8-month history of intermittent horizontal diplopia and blepharoptosis in the right eye. The ice test was positive, however serum anti-acetylcholine receptor binding antibody and the repetitive nerve stimulation test were negative. Anti-nuclear antibody was positive (titer 1:160). CONCLUSIONS: The ice test is a useful screening test for myasthenia gravis. However, a series of differential diagnoses including blepharoptosis and ocular motility disorder should be considered because these conditions also show a positive result in the ice test.
Adult ; Aneurysm ; Angiography ; Arteries ; Blepharoptosis ; Brain ; Diagnosis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Diplopia ; Female ; Humans ; Ice* ; Mass Screening ; Myasthenia Gravis* ; Ocular Motility Disorders ; Oculomotor Nerve Diseases

No abstract available.
Recurrence*

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical features of children with high hyperopia weaning with age. METHODS: The medical records of 203 children wearing spectacles due to hyperopia of +4.00 diopters (D) or greater in at least one eye based on the cycloplegic refraction and with follow-up for 3 years or more were reviewed. The patients were divided into those who showed a decrease in the spherical equivalent (SE) of 1.50 D or greater and those who maintained. The age of wearing spectacles, the magnitude of hyperopia, the angle of deviation, the ratio of accommodative-convergence to accommodation (AC/A), and the frequency of amblyopia and anisometropia were compared. RESULTS: Forty seven patients with decreased hyperopia and 156 patients with sustained hyperopia were included. The decreased-group started to wear spectacles later than the sustained-group (5.0 ± 2.3 years vs. 4.1 ± 2.4 years). The mean SE of the hyperopic eye in the decreased-group was significantly greater at the initial visit than in the sustained-group (6.29 ± 2.18 D vs. 5.47 ± 1.38 D); was identical at the 1 year follow-up (4.83 ± 1.72 D vs. 4.89 ± 1.55 D); and significantly lower at the last follow-up (3.15 ± 1.72 D vs. 4.65 ± 1.56 D). In the decreased-group, the mean hyperopia of 3.14 ± 2.02 D decreased during a mean period of 3.9 years, especially during the first year after spectacle correction. At baseline, the frequency and angle of esotropia at both distant and near with/without hyperopic correction was significantly larger in the sustained-group. The frequency of amblyopia and anisometropia and the AC/A were identical between the two groups, while the frequency of amblyopia at the last follow-up was significantly lower in the decreased-group. CONCLUSIONS: Some patients with hyperopia of +4.00 D or greater who had none or a small angle of esotropia and improved amblyopia showed a decrease in hyperopia with age.
Amblyopia ; Anisometropia ; Child ; Emmetropia ; Esotropia ; Eyeglasses ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Hyperopia ; Medical Records ; Weaning

Trait impulsivity is a known risk factor for suicidality, and the prefrontal cortex plays a key role in impulsivity and its regulation. However, the relationship between trait impulsivity, neural basis, and suicidality has been inconsistent. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the relationship between impulsivity and its structural correlates (prefrontal gray matter volume), suicidal ideation, and actual suicide attempts. A total of 87 individuals with major depressive disorder participated in study, and the gray matter volume of the prefrontal regions was extracted from T1 images based on region of interest masks. The variables for the mediation models were selected based on correlation analysis and tested for their ability to predict suicide attempts, with impulsivity and suicidal ideation as the mediation variables and gray matter volume as the independent variable. A significant correlation was observed between suicidal ideation and the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and right dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. The dual-mediation model revealed a significant indirect relationship between gray matter volume in both regions and suicide attempts mediated by motor impulsivity and suicidal ideation. The counterintuitive positive relationship between gray matter volume and suicidality was also discussed.

Functional bladder disorders including overactive bladder and interstitial cystitis may induce problems in many other parts of our body such as brain and gut. In fact, diagnosis is often less accurate owing to their complex symptoms. To have correct diagnosis of these diseases, we need to understand the pathophysiology behind overlapped clinical presentation. First, we focused on reviewing literatures that have reported the link between bladder and brain, as the patients with bladder disorders frequently accompanied mood disorders such as depression and anxiety. Second, we reviewed literatures that have described the relationship between bladder and gut. There exist many evidences of patients who suffered from both bladder and intestinal diseases, such as irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease, at the same time. Furthermore, the interaction between brain and gut, well-known as brain-gut axis, might be a key factor that could change the activity of bladder and vice versa. For example, the affective disorders could alter the activity of efferent nerves or autonomic nervous system that modulate the gut itself and its microbiota, which might cause the destruction of homeostasis in bladder eventually. In this way, the communication between bladder and brain-gut axis might affect permeability, inflammation, as well as infectious etiology and dysbiosis in bladder diseases. In this review, we aimed to find an innovative insight of the pathophysiology in the functional bladder disorders, and we could provide a new understanding of the overlapped clinical presentation by elucidating the pathophysiology of functional bladder disorders.