Instructional design is the process of creating and conducting teaching protocol as well as assessing the feasibility of the protocol through analyzing teaching problems and goals.The theory of instructional design was applied in the teaching practice of different conrses.Under the direction of instructional design theory,the preliminary experience was obtained and summarized in the teaching practice of Fundamental Toxicology for medical undergraduate,which centered on the curriculum standard,specific situation of teaching objects,normalization of teaching content and different levels of teaching targets.

After a concise review of the progress and achievements of burn works in the past 40 years the auther firmly pointed out that the currently most significant causes of death in burn injury are three,Inhalation injury,Infection and Internal organ injury, abbreviated as"Three I".The precent status and problems of"Three 1"are analyzed and the auther proprosed a model for planning burn research projects.In order to achieve an significant decrease of burn mortality,the auther also highlights that the crucial point is to protect the organism from damages to the body defense mechanism after burn injury.That is to say,in all dimensions and by all means,burn research projects should mainly focus on the early protection of the ability of the body defense mechanism.

Objective:To explore the effects of β-aescinum natrium in treating patient with cerebral infarction.Methods:All patients were randomly divided into two group:treatment group (58 cases) and control group. The results were compared between the two groups.Results:In treatment group of 58 cases,healing rate is significant higher than that of the control group (P＜0.01),and so is the total effective rate (P＜0.05).Conclusion:This drug has some good virtues,such as less side effects,faster response and easy to use as well as no irritation to vein when given intravenously. So,it has better clinic value in the treatment of acute cerebral infarction.

Objective To analyze the correlation between kidney deficiency and fear stress by investigating the difference in behavior between groups of model rats.Methods The rats were divided randomly into 3 groups.To create kidney deficiency models as the experimental group by intramuscular injection of hydrocortisone; giving high-fat and high-salt diet by gastric perfusion to create spleen deficiency models as the control group; normal rats were used as the blank control group.Using light stimulation,thermo stimulation and food stimulation as the factors,to observe and analyze the difference of behavior among groups under each type of environmental stimulus.Results The behavior experiment showed the difference among groups,both kidney deficiency group and spleen deficiency group acted out more apparent fear stress than normal group (without food stimulation P=0.039,with food stimulation P=0.037).For example,under the environmental stimulus of light and no food,3 groups leaned out for different frequency in 15 min:normal group showed(5.70± 1.636)times,spleen deficiency group showed(2.30±0.949)times and kidney deficiency group showed (0.05±0.224)times,which demonstrated fear stress and physical constitution are relevant; kidney deficiency group showed the most obvious fear stress among 3 groups,which proved the correlation between kidney deficiency and fear stress was more significant.Conclusion Kidney deficiency was a significant factor of fear stress,the correlation between them could be direct.

Objective To explore the changes of osteopontin (OPN) gene expression induced by tumor promoter of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol13-acetate(TPA),okadaic acid(OA) or cadmium chloride(CdCl_(2)).Methods The two-stage transformation test of BALB/c 3T3 cells was established with MNNG as initiator,TPA,OA or CdCl_(2) as promoter respectively.Mouse toxicology gene chip was used to detect the gene expression of BALB/c 3T3 cells transformed with TPA,OA or CdCl_(2) respectively,and the expression of OPN gene was validated by real-time RT-PCR assay.Results TPA,OA or CdCl_(2) could increase the transcriptional expression of OPN gene in BALB/c 3T3 cells.The expression of OPN gene was up-regulated in the eight transformed cell colonies induced by TPA,OA or CdCl_(2) respectively.Moreover,the up-regulation of OPN gene expression was confirmed by real-time RTPCR assay.Conclusion The up-regulation of OPN gene expression is closely related to cell transformation of BALB/c 3T3 cells induced by TPA,OA or CdCl_(2).

Objective To investigate the clinical significance of prealbumin (PA),enzymes,C -reactive protein (CRP)detection in severe hand -foot -mouth disease (HFMD)children with myocardial injury.Methods 183 children with HFMD were selected as the observation group,in which 54 children were severe,129 cases were common.100 healthy children during the same period were selected as the control group.PA,α-acid dehydrogenase (α-HBDH),creatine kinase (CK),creatine kinase (CK -MB),CRP levels were detected in the serum of all sub-jects and compared.Results The serum level of PA in the observation group was (194.37 ±42.86)mg/L,which was significantly lower than (267.15 ±52.04)mg/L of the control group (t =5.942,P <0.05).The serum levels ofα-HBDH,CK,CK -MB and CRP in the observation group were (261.58 ±61.40)U /L,(124.80 ±67.51)U /L, (38.79 ±16.26)U /L and (18.06 ±5.27)mg/L,which were significantly higher than those of the control group [(112.93 ±28.56)U /L,(103.94 ±60.86)U /L,(15.17 ±9.34)U /L and (4.82 ±0.95)mg/L,t =8.356,5.087, 9.446 and 10.755,all P <0.05].The serum PA level of the severe HFMD group was (144.92 ±40.36)mg/L, which was significantly lower than (230.89 ±46.27)mg/L of the ordinary HFMD group (t =7.035,P <0.05).The serum levels of α-HBDH,CK,CK -MB and CRP in the severe HFMD group were (301.58 ±71.40)U /L, (145.31 ±67.84)U /L,(43.66 ±18.95)U /L and (21.86 ±6.55)mg/L,which were significantly higher than those in the ordinary HFMD group [(162.93 ±28.56)U /L,(116.05 ±61.37)U /L,(24.75 ±12.04)U /L and (7.25 ± 3.82)mg/L,t =9.440,6.204,11.038 and 13.118,all P <0.05].The serum PA level of the severe HFMD with myocardial injury group was (131.02 ±36.54)mg/L,which was significantly lower than (149.73 ±42.81)mg/L of the severe HFMD group (t =7.801,P <0.05).The serum levels of α-HBDH,CK,CK -MB and CRP in the severe HFMD with myocardial injury group were (327.84 ±74.95)U /L,(152.92 ±68.75)U /L,(45.17 ±20.68)U /L and (23.07 ±7.46 )mg/L respectively,which were significantly higher than those in the severe HFMD group [(286.30 ±70.16)U /L,(134.80 ±66.31)U /L,(41.08 ±17.23)U /L and (20.95 ±6.20)mg/L,t =4.394, 5.938,4.077 and 4.165,all P <0.05].Conclusion Prealbumin,enzymes,CRP detection is favor of judgement the severity of HFMD children,and conducive to the early diagnosis of myocardial injury in children.

Objective To develop and verify a high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) method for the determination of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt(EDTA-2Na) residues in the bulk of NMM tumor DNA vaccine for the quality control of DNA vaccine.Methods After NMM tumor DNA vaccine bulk was complexed with copper sulfate,a HPLC method for the determination of EDTA-2Na residues was developed with Agilent ZORBA XSB-C18(150 mm × 4.6 mm,5 μm) as the chromatographic column,water,tetrabutylammonium hydroxide 10% and acetonitrile solution(74.5:0.5:25)as the mobile phase.The detection method was as follows:the detection wavelength was 254 nm,the flow rate was 0.8 mL/min,the column temperature was 20 ℃ and the injection volume was 20 μL.The method was verified for the specificity,linear range,limit of detection(LOD),limit of quantification(LOQ),solution stability,durability,accuracy and precision,and used to detect the EDTA-2Na residues in several batches of DNA vaccine bulk.Results When EDTA-2Na control and DNA vaccine bulk with EDTA-2Na reacted with copper sulfate,the absorption peak appeared at around 5.3 min,while no absorption peak was observed when DNA vaccine bulk reacted with copper sulfate;In the range of 4～400 μg/mL,the control solution concentration showed a good linear relationship with the peak area,R~2=0.999 9;The LOD of the method was 10 ng/mL,and the LOQ was 40 ng/mL;The solution of control and sample was stable after placed for 12 h;When the detection conditions changed slightly(different mobile phase ratio,flow rate and column temperature),the influence on the detection results was within acceptable range;The average recovery rate of EDTA-2Na in low,medium and high concentration standard added samples was 101.38% with the RSD of 0.39%;0.1 mg/mL control solution was injected continuously for 6 times,and the peak area RSD was 0.04%.EDTA-2Na was not detected in 6 sample solution,and the peak area RSD of DNA vaccine bulk with EDTA-2Na solution was 0.02%,indicating a good intermediate precision.EDTA-2Na residue was not detected in these batches of DNA vaccine bulk.Conclusion The developed method is simple,accurate,reliable with good specificity,which can be used for the determi-nation of EDTA-2Na residues in DNA vaccine bulk.

The diagnosis and treatment of colon cancer has always been a difficult problem in the medical field.In recent years,there have been more and more researches on differential proteins in colon cancer.It has become a new trend to find differential proteins in cancer tissues by proteomic technology and study their functions and roles in cancer,which was so as to used in cancer diagnosis and treatment.We have found two differential proteins ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2(ABCG2)and protein disulfide-isomerase A2(PDIA2)in colon cancer by proteomic technology before,and this article reviews the expression and function of these two proteins in colon cancer.

Amblyopia is a developmental visual disorder,which is accompanied by physiological changes in the visual cortex.Many studies that focused on the treatments of amblyopia and improvment of therapeutic effects in teenagers and adults have been paid more and more attention.Recent studies reveal that a threshold level of neurotransmitters,such as γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA),norepinephrine (NE),acetylcholine,5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and dopamine,is required to open the critical period.Meanwhile,the content of specific extracellular matrix,such as extracellular protease tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and cross-linked chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs),exhibits dynamic changes over the time course of the critical period,which plays a key role in synaptic modifications.Clinical studies show that suppression and deficits in visual attention towards signal from the amblyopia eye may be important factors in physiological mechanism of amblyopia,which support a basis for non-invasive brain stimulation and perceptual learning as new effective treatments.This paper described the recent advances in plasticity of visual cortex and binocular vision in the field of amplyopia treatment,especially in teenagers and adults.

Objective To provide data on the incidence,shape,and sizes of the femoral attach.ments of meniseofemoral ligaments (MFLs),and to determine the function of MFIJs and the role in the femoral tunnel D0sitioning in the double-bundle reconstruction of PCL.Methods Anatomical study:Thirty cadaveric knees were used to investigate the incidence and tightening-slackening patterns during the knee nexion-extension of MFLs.Data were obtained to describe the size,shape,and the relationship between the position of the femoral attachment of MFLs and that of anterolateral bundle(ALB)and the posteromedial bundle(PMB) were detetrained.Clinical study:During arthroscopic reconstruction of PCL,the presence of MFIJs Was confirmed in 1 12 patients by observation and probing,the relationship between the femoral attachment of MFLs and that of ALB and PMB were determined.Results Anatomical study:The Humphry ligament and Wrisberg ligament were presented in l(3%)and 27(90%)case respectively.The femoral attachments were approximately ellipse both.The mean area was(18.14±3.05)mm2 and(25.63±7.92)mm2 respectively.Clinical study:The Humphry ligament and Wrisberg ligament were present in 2 cases(1.7%)and 67 cases(59.8%) respectively.The incidence of MFLs in knees with isolated PCL injury was highter than that in knees with multiple ligaments injuries.Conclusion The incident of MFLs is related to the trauma of the knee.and the Wrisberg ligament plays an important role in avoiding impingement between the ALB and the intereondylar roof during deep knee flexion.The Humphry ligament and the Wrisberg ligament are landmarks for the tunnel positioning of ALB and PMB in double-bundle PCL reconstruction respectively.