Objective To study the control effect of Trichoderma fungicides in the field and then popularize the using. Methods To investigate the influence by three using methods and different concentrations of the two Trichoderma strains on ginseng growth and its diseases, estimate the possibility of popular using the fungicide, and make a choice of the right using method. Results The two fungicides not only could raise the survival rate by 30% and the growing rate by more than 16%, but also effectively control the disease of ginseng. Conclusion The two Trichoderma fungicides have the potential to be used in a large range. The using method is diluting Tv04-2 to 5 000 times and Th3080 to 10 000 times when dipping the root of ginseng, and diluting Tv04-2 or Th3080 to 5 000 times when dipping the seeds of ginseng.

Objective To investigate the variation in expression and the significance of markers indi-cating typeⅠalveolar epithelial cells ( AECⅠ) and type Ⅱ alveolar epithelial cells ( AECⅡ) in hyperoxia induced bronchopulmonary dysplasia( BPD) model. Methods A total of 80 term normal Wistar rats were randomly devided into model group (85% oxygen) or control group (room air) within 12 h after birth,with 40 rats in each group. On day 7,day 14,day 21 after exposure,the pathological characteristics of lung tissues were observed using HE staining, the expression and location of AECⅠ marker aquaporin 5 ( AQP5 ) and AECⅡmarker surfactant protein-C ( SP-C) were examined using immunofluorescence double staining. West-ern blot analysis was employed to examine the expressions levels of AQP5 and SP-C proteins,while real-time PCR was used to evaluate the mRNA expression of AQP5 and SP-C. Results Alveolar developmental disor-der was observed in lung tissues of the model group,including fewer,larger,simplified alveoli,thicker alveo-lar walls,and fewer alveolar secondary septa. Immunofluorescence double staining showed increased and dis-organized AQP5 and SP-C expression, with significantly higher ratio of double-stained cells/SP-C positive cells in the model group ( P<0. 001 ) . Comparing to the control group, the expression of AQP5 and SP-C protein increased from 7 d after hyperoxia exposure,which continued to 21 d. The mRNA expression levels of these two markers both significantly increased in the model group compared with the control group, with AQP5 starting from 7 d while SP-C starting from 14 d after hyperoxia exposure (P<0. 05),and the differ-ence between two groups became more significant with the exposure time extending. Conclusion The expression of AECⅠ marker AQP5 and AECⅡ marker SP-C both increase in the lung tissues of hyperoxia induced BPD newborn rats,with more AECⅡ transdifferentiated into AECⅠ. These changes of the markers indicate that there is excessive transdifferentiation of AECⅡ in the recovery process after BPD lung injury.

Objective To investigate the ultrastructural alteration in brain tissues as well as the expression of bone morphogenetic protein(BMP) 4 and its effects on regulating myelination in the process of white matter injury development.Methods A total of 152 Sprague-Dawley newborn rats(3 days old) were randomly divided into white matter injury group(n=76) or control group(n=76).The white matter injury model was established by ligation of the right common carotid artery and hypoxic exposure(8% O2 and 92%N2),and samples were collected at 3d,7d,14d and 21d after operation.Morphological changes of the brain tissues were observed under a light microscope,while myelination was analyzed using a transmission electron microscope.The expression and location of BMP4 and myelin basic protein(MBP),a marker for myelination,was detected by immunohistochemistry staining,expression levels of BMP4 and MBP proteins were analyzed by Western blotting,and BMP4 mRNA expression was measured by real-time PCR.Results Observed under the light microscope,the cellular structure was clear,fibers arranged closely and orderly in the white matter of the control group.Whereas in the white matter injury group,sparse cells,loose mesh shaped white matter,and disorderly oriented fibers were observed.In the control group,myelin sheath had regular morphology,uniform density,and same thickness,observed using the transmission electron microscope.While in the white matter injury group,the myelin sheath was loosened,thinned,lamellar separated,and boundary obscured.Using immunohistochemistry staining,Western blot,and real-time PCR analyses,it was found that the protein and mRNA expression of BMP4 had no significant change with the increase of age in the control group,while it was rapidly increased with the extending of ischemic time in the white matter injury group.Comparing with the control group,the expression of BMP4 was significantly increased since 3d after operation in the white matter injury group(P<0.05),and the difference between two groups became more significant with the extending of ischemic time.The expression of MBP protein was analyzed by immunohistochemistry staining and Western blot,and a gradual increase was found in both groups with the increase of age.However,the expression of MBP protein was significantly decreased on 14d and 21d after operation in the white matter injury group compared with the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion Myelination disorders exists in white matter injury induced by ischemia-anoxemia.Meanwhile,the expression of BMP4 is significantly increased in the white matter injury group,indicating a possibility that BMP4 involves in the regulation of myelination disorders in white matter injury.

Bacteriologic

This 22 years-old male under went spinal fusion for correction of a servere Thoraco-Lumbar Scoliosis (Cobb's angle at 65o (degree) under general anesthesia with O2-Sevoflurane (1-2 vol%),Atracurium (0.3 mg.kg-1.hr-1,) Dexmedetomidine (0.4 ug,kg-1.hr-1,). With discontinuation of Atracurium infusion 30 minutes and Sevoflurane 15 minutes before ake-up test, the patient was able to mov both feet on command with only Dexmedetomidineinfusion running. Upon establshing intact neurological function, the level of anesthesia as deepened using Propofol 50mg/IV, Atracurium 20mg/IV and Fentanyl 50 ug,/IV. Coorective spine surgery with pedicle rod and screw instrumentation, spinal fusion with iliac bone grafting was then continued and completed under Dexmedetomidine 0.2-2.4 ug.kg-1.hr-1, and O2-Sevoflurane at 1 vol%. Dexmedetomidine insusion was continued at 0.2 ug.kg-1.hr-1, at the Post-Anesthesia Care Unit. Postoperative course was likewise unremarkable with no recall of intra-operative events.
Human ; Male ; Young Adult ; DEXMEDETOMIDINE ; SCOLIOSIS ; SPINAL FUSION ; SPINAL CORD

The effects of three different intubating doses of vecuronium were investigated using the refined priming principle. Sixty patients were studied. Twenty patients were each allocated randomly into three groups I, II, and III and received 0.12, 0.15, and 0.20 mg/kg intubating dose of vecuronium respectively. The priming dose of 0.01 mg/kg and the priming interval of 4 minutes were the same for all groups. The degree of neuromuscular block were determined by the train-of-four (TOF) ratios with the use of the TOF-GUARD nerve stimulator. Onset time (from injection of the intubating dose to 95% and 100% suppression of the TOF), clinical duration (return of the first twitch from maximum block to 25% of the TOF), and intubation conditions were determined. The onset time to 95% and 100% of the TOF were significantly shorter as the intubating dose of vecuronium were increased (at 0.12 mg/kg, onset was 151 +/- 15s; at 0.15 mg/kg, onset was 97 +/- 16s; and at 0.20 mg/kg, onset was 69 +/- 10s). The clinical duration was significantly increased between group I (60 +/- 11 min) and both groups II (77 +/- 15 mm) and III (74 +/- 17 mm), but not significant between groups II and III. The changes in the heart rate and mean arterial pressure in all groups were not significant. In conclusion, a priming dose of 0.01 mg/kg followed by a larger intubating dose (0.20 mg/kg) four minutes later provides an excellent intubation condition within 69 +/- 10s with no clinically significant hemodynamic changes. (
Human ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Young Adult ; Adolescent ; MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA ; SURGERY ; VECURONIUM BROMIDE ; NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKADE ; NEUROMUSCULAR AGENTS

OBJECTIVE: Renal allograft recipients are at higher risk of developing tuberculosis (TB) as compared to the general population. The infection also carries with it a significant morbidity and mortality. However, data is limited regarding its incidence and risk factor analysis in our setting. This study determined the incidence, characteristics and risk factors of post-transplant TB in National Kidney and Transplant Institute (NKTI).
METHODS: This is a retrospective study involving chart review of 1,621 renal allograft recipients from 2003-2009. We recorded demographic information, transplant characteristics, median time to diagnosis of TB and forms of TB.
RESULTS: The incidence of TB in renal allograft recipients is 2.6%. Median time to diagnosis of TB after transplant is 21 months (one to 105 months). Risk factors identified in this study were previous history of TB (OR 4.15, 95% CI 1.4-12.2), one episode of rejection (OR 2.33, 95% CI 1.2-4.6) and subsequent use of methylprednisolone as antirejection therapy (OR 2.36, 95% CI 1.3-4.4). Patients given a tacrolimus based regimen (OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.24-1.03) and those without episode of rejection (OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.22-0.84) had less tendency to develop post-transplant TB. There were no sufficient evidence to prove association between onset of TB and use of isoniazid prophylaxis, use of induction immunosuppression and type of immunosuppression. Eighty one percent (81%) had pulmonary and 19% had extrapulmonary forms of TB.
CONCLUSION: Incidence of TB among renal allograft recipients is lower as compared to other high TB burden countries but is still higher as compared to the general Filipino population. The study identified multiple risk factors for post-transplant TB. Prevention of these diseases and identification of patients at risk are as important as early diagnosis and treatment of post-transplant TB.

Human ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Isoniazid ; Tacrolimus ; Methylprednisolone ; Kidney Transplantation ; Tuberculosis ; Immunosuppression ; Transplantation, Homologous

Objective To investigate the effect of hyperoxia on the transdifferentiation level of type Ⅱ alveolar epithelial cells (AEC Ⅱ) in vivo and in vitro,in order to illuminate the mechanism of epithelial injury in bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD).Methods Newborn Wistar rats were randomly devided into control group (room air inhalation) or model group (85％ oxygen inhalation) after birth.Lung tissue sampling and AEC Ⅱ isolation was conducted on 7 d,14 d,21 d.Type Ⅰ alveolar epithelial cells (AEC Ⅰ) marker aquaporin 5 (AQP5) and AEC Ⅱ marker surfactant protein C (SP-C) were examined by Western blot and florescent real-time PCR.AEC Ⅱ isolated from normal newborn rats was randomly devided into normoxia group (21％ oxygen) or hyperoxia group (85％ oxygen) after 24 h culture,and continued culturing for another 48 h in vitro.Then the morphological changes of cells were observed under inverted phase contrast microscope.The expression and location of markers for AEC Ⅰ and AEC Ⅱ was examined by immunofluorescence double staining.The protein expression of AQP5 and SP-C was evaluated by Western blot,and the mRNA expression of these markers was examined by florescent real-time PCR.Results In AEC Ⅱ isolated from the animal models,the AQP5 protein expression increased from 7 d while the SP-C expression decreased from 14 d in the model group comparing with the control group.In the model group,AQP5 mRNA expression increased and SP-C mRNA expression decreased since 7 d after hyperoxia exposure (P ＜ 0.05),with the difference between groups more obvious as exposure time extending.After culturing in vitro,AEC Ⅱ isolated from normal newborn rats expressed more AQP5 and less SP-C,with more cells double stained in the hyperoxia group compared with the normoxia group,examined by immunofluorescence double staining.The protein and mRNA examination results both showed that AQP5 expression increased and SP-C expression decreased in the hyperoxia group compared with the normoxia group (P ＜0.01).Conclusion After hyperoxia exposure,no matter in vivo or in vitro,the expression of AEC Ⅱ marker SP-C decreases while the expression of AEC Ⅰ marker AQP5 increases.These results indicate that the excessive transdifferentiation of AEC Ⅱ takes part in the recovery process after hyperoxia induced lung injury.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide, and it has a poor prognosis and few therapeutic options. Radiotherapy is one of the most effective forms of cancer treatment, and P53 protein is one of the key molecules determining how a cell responds to radiotherapy. The aim of this study was to determine the therapeutic efficacy of iodine-131 in three human HCC cell lines. METHODS: Western blotting was used to measure P53 expression. The effects of radiotherapy with iodine-131 were assessed by using the clonogenic assay to evaluate cell survival. Flow cytometry was carried out to examine the effects of iodine-131 on cell death, oxidative stress, reduced intracellular glutathione expression, the mitochondrial membrane potential, and the cell cycle. RESULTS: The P53 protein was not expressed in Hep3B2.1-7 cells, was expressed at normal levels in HepG2 cells, and was overexpressed in HuH7 cells. P53 expression in the HuH7 and HepG2 cell lines increased after internal and external irradiation with iodine-131. Irradiation induced a decrease in cell survival and led to a decrease in cell viability in all of the cell lines studied, accompanied by cell death via late apoptosis/necrosis and necrosis. Irradiation with 131-iodine induced mostly cell-cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that P53 plays a key role in the radiotherapy response of HCC.
Apoptosis/*radiation effects ; Blotting, Western ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism/pathology/radiotherapy ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; G1 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints/radiation effects ; *Gamma Rays ; Glutathione/metabolism ; Hep G2 Cells ; Humans ; Iodine Radioisotopes/chemistry/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Liver Neoplasms/metabolism/pathology/radiotherapy ; Phosphorylation ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/*metabolism

The daily practice of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in elderly patients has brought up the attention of outcome research and resource allocation. Determinants to predict survival have been well identified. There has been empirical evidence that CPR is of doubtful utility in the geriatric population, more studies have showed controversial data. Sometimes situations in which CPR needs to be given in the elderly, causes stress to healthcare providers, due to lack of communication of the patient's wishes and the belief that it will not be successful. It is of importance to state that we have the duty to identify on time the patients that will most likely benefit from CPR, and find out the preferences of the same. Whenever it is possible to institute these guidelines, we will avoid patient suffering.