The aim of this cross-sectional study is to determine the prevalence of congenital colour vision defects among male secondary school students in Al-Madinah Al-Munawara city, Saudi Arabia. A total of 1154 male secondary school students were selected randomly through a multi-stage sampling method. Ishihara 24-plates was used to screen for colour blindness. The overall prevalence of congenital colour vision defects was 3.3% with 1% protanopes and 2.3% deuteranopes. The prevalence of congenital colour vision defect among Saudis was 2.48% and (5.48%) among non-Saudis. In conclusion, the prevalence of congenital colour vision defect among male secondary school students of Al-Madinah Al-Munawara city is comparable to previously reported in central Saudi Arabia, but lower than for Caucasian.
congenital ; colour vision deficiency ; Ishihara colour testing ; prevalence ; Saudi Arabia ; protanopes ; deuteranopes.

ntroduction: This study aimed to investigate the association between obesity, sedentary behaviour, television (TV) watching, small screen recreation (SSR), and perinatal life influences (breast-feeding, birth weight) among Jordanian school children. Methods: A total of 117 school children (56 obese and 61 normal weight) aged between 11 and 15 years were selected by using multistage cluster sampling method. Parents were requested to complete the first part of a questionnaire on family background,while the second part on adolescent sedentary behaviour was completed by the participants in the school. Anthropometric data were collected and presence of fat mass (%FM) was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Results: Sedentary behaviour (hours/day) was significantly higher in obese school children compared to normal weight (4.43±0.60, 3.29±0.68, respectively; P <0.05), and positively associated with BMI (r=0.270, P<0.05). Normal weight children spent less time on watching TV (hours/day) compared to obese children (2.01±0.10, 2.34±0.16, respectively; P<0.05), and spent 2.55±1.6 (hours/day) in small screen recreation (SSR) compared to 3.89±1.0 (hours/day) of obese children. Both watching TV and SSR was significantly associated with BMI (r=0.260, r=0.201, respectively; P<0.05). Duration of exclusive breastfeeding (months) was significantly higher in normal weight than obese children (7.70±3.01, 5.05±2.01, respectively; P<0.05), and negatively associated with BMI (r=-0.254) and %FM (r =-0.330). Conclusion: Sedentary behaviour and watching TV were important risk factors for obesity among 11-15 years old Jordanian school children. A national policy promoting active living and reducing sedentary behaviour among school children is recommended.

Maxillary labial and buccal frena are considered as normal anatomic structures in the oral cavity. However, they may exist intraorally as a thick broad fibrous attachment and/or become located near the crest of the residual ridge, thus interfering with proper denture border extension resulting in inferior denture stability, retention and overall patient satisfaction. This case report highlights the importance of clinical examination and treatment planning which may mandate preprosthetic surgery prior to fabrication of a new conventional complete denture. Adequate patient satisfaction with conventional complete dentures can be significantly increased after frenectomy.
Aged ; Denture Retention ; Denture, Complete ; Dentures ; Humans ; Mouth ; Patient Satisfaction ; Retention (Psychology)

Placental peptide(PP), which was extracted from the placenta of healthy women, was an immunomoderator. It had similar properties as transfer factor(TF) in physiochemistry, bioactivity and immuno-conpetence. This study showed that PP increased the amount of leucocytes and splenic nucleated cells obviously, raised the complement activity, and improved the phagocytosis of phagocytes in the mice. The specific antibody, especially the level of amboceptor antibody of PP treated mice was higher than that of control group, while there was no significant differance between TF group and the control group. It is concluded that PP is superior to TF in promoting the function of humeral immunity and it is a valuable immunomoderator.

A method for on-line real-time estimation of myocardial contractility parameters at the isovolumetric period of the left ventricular pressure wave form using Maxwell mode of cardiac muscle is described. After simplifing the mathematical mode., we presented a new technique to calculate the Vmax using 1/Vce versus p linear regression, A measuring system based on IBM-PC/XT microcomputer was developed as well. The system is employed in physiological experiments for evaluation of myocardial contractility under control condi- tions, as well as after drug administration.

Various chemical and gas-liquid chromatographic analyses indicate that the lipid A backbone of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from Bacteriodes fragilis NCTC 9343 is chemically constituted by a ?1, 6-interlinked D-gluco-samine disaccharide. It is phosphorylated at its 1-position by a glycosidic-linkage while the ester-bound phosphate present generally in other lipid A is depleted. The lipid A is lower fatty acylated in the amount of 5.2 fatty acids per lipid A molecule (of which 0.73 forms 3-acyloxyacyl groups). The LPS containing such a lipid A component has been shown endowing with a weaker endotoxicity.

Plasma renin activity, angiotensin Ⅱ, Aldosterone and cortisol in 380 healthy subjects were measured by radioim-munoassay at 10, 3700 and 4300 metres above sea level. The results showed as follows: Firstly, no significant difference was noted between Tibetan and Han residents at high altitudes with reference to these four parameters. Secondly, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and adrenocortical function in residents at high altitude revealed hypofunction. Thirdly, the responsiveness of aldosterone to renin declined gradually with increasing altitude, and slope declined as well. These changes might be considered as a chronic adaptive mechanism in residents at high altitude to hyposic environment.It may be suggested that appropriate use of adrenocorticosteroids may be of some clinical value in the prevention and treatment of some altitude-induced diseases.

Background: The cultural norms of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia do not encourage men to choose nursing as a career. Understanding male nursing students' experiences of their clinical exposure to the nursing profession throughout their internship might increase their retention. This study explored the experiences of final-year male nursing students as they transitioned to the role of registered nurse. Methods: A qualitative descriptive research design with an inductive content-analysis approach was used. The experiences of 22 final-year male nursing students from three public hospitals in a major city of Saudi Arabia were explored. The data were collected using focus-group interviews and documentary analysis in March 2015 and May 2015. Results: Content analysis revealed three major themes: the societal and cultural image of male nurses, male students' engagement in nursing practice, and restructuring the internship programmes' policies to suit male students' needs. Conclusion: The findings reveal issues that mainly stem from negative social views of nursing as a male profession. Considering the students' social and cultural needs during their internship programme will facilitate their transition into the role of registered nurse and their retention in the nursing profession.

As it is known; the majority of the human subjects has two renal arteries arising from the abdominal aorta; each will supply one kidney but in 30% of individuals, certain variations can be found. Accessory renal arteries constitute the most common and clinically important of these variations. For our case report, we are presenting one of these different variations that can be found in the blood supply of the kidneys. During dissecting the abdomen of an approximately 65 years-old male cadaver, multiple variations were found. There were double right renal arteries with prehilar branching of the upper renal artery. We found also that the right renal vein ascended upwards obliquely before ending in the lateral aspect of the inferior vena cava. Variation in the renal vessels is relatively common, especially multiple renal arteries, and can go smoothly without any abnormalities with the function of the kidney, but in some situations like renal transplantations, vascular reconstructions, and various surgical and radiological diagnostic techniques, the study of the anatomy of these variations is of crucial importance to decrease the patient morbidity during surgical procedures.

Xiang Sha Yang Wei Wan (XSYWW) is a Chinese traditional medicine that is used for gastrointestinal disorders, specifically gastric ulcer in many countries of South-East Asia. The aim of the study was to evaluate the potential effects of XSYWW on ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats by means of histological Study. On a similar basis of treatment, ranitidine, a conventional medication was used as gold standard. Methods: Fifty five male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300 gm) were divided into four groups. Group I (ethanol treated group) was the control group and gastric ulcers were induced by administering 100% ethanol (1 ml/200 g). Group II (Pre-treatment group) was divided into two subgroups; they were orally fed with 1.0 gm/kg and 2.0 gm/kg respectively of XSYWW solution. Thirty minutes later they were administered with absolute ethanol as in group I. Group III, was given an oral dose of 2gm/kg of XSYWW solution after one hour of ethanol administration. Group IV was given an oral dose of 200mg/kg ranitidine solution after one hour of ethanol administration. Five rats from groups I, III and IV were sacrificed on day 1, 2 and 3 while the animals of group II were sacrificed one hour after ethanol administration. Results: Histological study of the stomachs from ethanol treated rats showed multiple ulcers of various depths that reached the muscularis and the serosa. Conclusion: Pre or post-treated rats with XSYWW showed that XSYWW has protective effect against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal lesion. However, there was a faster and more complete healing process in the ranitidine treated group when compared to the XSYWW treated subjects.