No abstract available.
Animals ; Mice* ; Microinjections* ; Zygote*

No abstract available.
Sensation* ; Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer*

No abstract available.
Animals ; Cumulus Cells* ; Mice* ; Zygote*

Tetraploidy of human chromosome(92, XXYY) has been described very rarely. Liveborn infant with tetraploidy was reported in only 17 cases(complete 7 cases, mosaicism 10 cases) in the world, and no cases have been reported in Korea. The diploid-tetraploid mosaicism could arise during the early mitosis of the zygote. In one blastomeric cell, the chromosomes replicate but the cytoplasrn does not divide. We report a case of live infant with mosaic tetraploidy detected in lymphocyte(30%) and amniotic cell culture(25%), who presented with multiple congenital anomalies. A brief review of the literature is included.
Humans ; Infant ; Korea ; Mitosis ; Mosaicism ; Tetraploidy ; Zygote

No abstract available.
Animals ; Female ; Menstrual Cycle* ; Mice* ; Zygote*

Adenine ; Animals ; Gene Editing ; Mice ; Zygote ; metabolism

The present study was to assess the effect of ultrarapid freezing on the development of 1-cell mouse zygote using cryoprotectants, DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) or PROH (1,2-propanediol). We investigated the effect of the type and concentration of cryoprotectant, and of the temperature and time of prefreezing equilibration on their capacity to develop to the blastocyst stage in vitro. The concenration, the equilibration temperature, and the exposure time seemed to serve as an important factor in ultrarapid freezing of 1-cell mouse zygotes. In addition to the exposure time and the concentration of cryoprotectant appeared to play a key role in the development of the embryo. In general, the development of the embryo was more effective at 3degrees C than 23degrees C and 4.5 M than 3 M for 3 to 5 minutes. At 23degrees C the development of the embryo was stimulated by DMSO while at 3degrees C it was stimulated by PROH. Thus it has been suggested that there exists a correlation between the concentration of cryoprotectants and exposure time in the development of the embryo. In conclusion, we found that for ultrarapid freezing of mouse 1-cell embryos in DMSO, or PROH-based solution, viability shown optimum depending on the cryoprotectant, the concentration of the cryoprotectant and on the temperature and the duration of equilibration.
Animals ; Blastocyst ; Dimethyl Sulfoxide ; Embryonic Structures ; Freezing* ; Mice* ; Zygote*

Genome editing tools such as the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-associated system (Cas) have been widely used to modify genes in model systems including animal zygotes and human cells, and hold tremendous promise for both basic research and clinical applications. To date, a serious knowledge gap remains in our understanding of DNA repair mechanisms in human early embryos, and in the efficiency and potential off-target effects of using technologies such as CRISPR/Cas9 in human pre-implantation embryos. In this report, we used tripronuclear (3PN) zygotes to further investigate CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing in human cells. We found that CRISPR/Cas9 could effectively cleave the endogenous β-globin gene (HBB). However, the efficiency of homologous recombination directed repair (HDR) of HBB was low and the edited embryos were mosaic. Off-target cleavage was also apparent in these 3PN zygotes as revealed by the T7E1 assay and whole-exome sequencing. Furthermore, the endogenous delta-globin gene (HBD), which is homologous to HBB, competed with exogenous donor oligos to act as the repair template, leading to untoward mutations. Our data also indicated that repair of the HBB locus in these embryos occurred preferentially through the non-crossover HDR pathway. Taken together, our work highlights the pressing need to further improve the fidelity and specificity of the CRISPR/Cas9 platform, a prerequisite for any clinical applications of CRSIPR/Cas9-mediated editing.
Blastocyst ; CRISPR-Cas Systems ; Hemoglobins, Abnormal ; genetics ; metabolism ; Humans ; Zygote

Male germ cells are particularly susceptible to DNA damage by genotoxic agents during spermiogenesis and spermatozoal maturation, and meanwhile lack an effective repair system to eliminate the lesions. Because the DNA damaged sperm still has fertilizability and developmental potentiality, damage repair may occur after fertilization, but its mechanism remains unknown. Histone H2AX phosphorylation (gammaH2AX) is reportedly involved in the repair of damaged sperm DNA after fertilization. This review aims to summarize the present knowledge on the mechanism of gammaH2AX-mediated repair of DNA damaged sperm in the zygote.
DNA Damage ; DNA Repair ; Histones ; metabolism ; Humans ; Male ; Phosphorylation ; Spermatozoa ; pathology ; Zygote

BACKGROUND: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are still very common complications after general anesthesia. Some studies have reported that reversal of neuromuscular block by neostigmine is an important factor contributing to PONV. Whereas other studies have shown that when neostigmine is given as a reversal for muscle relaxation using mivacurium, it does not contribute to the incidence and severity of PONV. This study was designed to compare the reversible effect of neuromuscular block using neostigmine with the spontaneous recovery of neuromuscular block on the incidence and severity of PONV. METHODS: Sixty female patients undergoing laparoscopic zygote intra-fallopian transfer were studied and were allocated randomly into two groups. In Group 1 (n=30), neuromusclar block produced by mivacurium was antagonized by 1.5 mg neostigmine and 0.4 mg glycopyrrolate intravenously, whereas Group 2 (n=30) received no drugs to facilitate antagonism of blockade. The incidence and severity of PONV was assessed up to 3 hours after the operation. RESULTS: Both groups were comparable, and no differences were found in age, weight, duration of anesthesia, and the amount of mivacurium given during surgery. There were no significant differences between the two groups in the incidence and severity of PONV. CONCLUSION: This investigation has shown that when neostigmine is given as a reversal for muscle relaxation with mivacurium, it does not contribute to the incidence and severity of PONV.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General ; Female ; Glycopyrrolate ; Humans ; Incidence* ; Muscle Relaxation ; Neostigmine* ; Neuromuscular Blockade* ; Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting* ; Zygote