OBJECTIVETo investigate the route and scope of the facial nerve in the temporal region for clinical applications.

METHODSTemporal region dissection was performed on 12 cadavers (24 sides) under light microscope.

RESULTSThere are two branches of the facial nerve in the temporal region from the superior margin of the parotid: the temporal branch and the zygomatic branch. Each of them has two to five branches, which run in the deep layer of the superficial temporal fascia. The temporal branch crosses the zygomatic arch to the temporal region, innervating the frontal muscle, the orbicularis oculi muscle, the corrugator supercilii muscle, and the muscle surrounding the ear, etc. The zygomatic branch goes to the lateral canthus, innervating the orbicularis oculi muscle, the upper and lower eyelid and zygomatic muscles. There are communicating branches among the temporal branches, the zygomatic branches and the supraorbital and lacrimal nerves of the ophthalmic nerve.

CONCLUSIONThe temporal branches and zygomatic branches of the facial nerve run between the deep zone of the superficial temporal fascia and the superficial layer of the profound temporal fascia, where dissection should be avoided during rhytidectomy in order not to damage the facial nerve branches.

Cadaver ; Dissection ; Eyelids ; innervation ; Facial Muscles ; innervation ; Facial Nerve ; anatomy & histology ; Fascia ; innervation ; Humans ; Parotid Gland ; anatomy & histology ; Rhytidoplasty ; Subcutaneous Tissue ; innervation ; Temporal Bone ; Zygoma

To better understand the anatomic location of scalp nerves involved in various neurosurgical procedures, including awake surgery and neuropathic pain control, a total of 30 anterolateral scalp cutaneous nerves were examined in Korean adult cadavers. The dissection was performed from the distal to the proximal aspects of the nerve. Considering the external bony landmarks, each reference point was defined for all measurements. The supraorbital nerve arose from the supraorbital notch or supraorbital foramen 29 mm lateral to the midline (range, 25-33 mm) and 5 mm below the supraorbital upper margin (range, 4-6 mm). The supratrochlear nerve exited from the orbital rim 16 mm lateral to the midline (range, 12-21 mm) and 7 mm below the supraorbital upper margin (range, 6-9 mm). The zygomaticotemporal nerve pierced the deep temporalis fascia 10 mm posterior to the frontozygomatic suture (range, 7-13 mm) and 22 mm above the upper margin of the zygomatic arch (range, 15-27 mm). In addition, three types of zygomaticotemporal nerve branches were found. Considering the superficial temporal artery, the auriculotemporal nerve was mostly located superficial or posterior to the artery (80%). There were no significant differences between the right and left sides or based on gender (P>0.05). These data can be applied to many neurosurgical diagnostic or therapeutic procedures related to anterolateral scalp cutaneous nerve.
Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; *Cadaver ; Female ; Frontal Bone/anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neurosurgical Procedures ; Orbit/anatomy & histology ; Peripheral Nerves/*anatomy & histology ; Scalp/*innervation ; Zygoma/anatomy & histology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the morphology change of stomatognathic muscles after zygomatic plasty combined with mandibular angel plasty.

METHODS3D-CT facial soft tissue measurement was performed pre-operative and at 10 days,3 months post-operatively in 59 cases with prominent malar-complex and mandibular angle. The q test (Newman-Keuls method) was used to analyze the variance.

RESULTSThe cross sectional area of masseter muscle and medial pterygoid muscle were both increased at 10 days, reduced at 3 months post-operatively (P < 0.05). The masseter muscle and medial pterygoid muscle cross sectional areas were (4.73 +/- 0.21) cm2 and (3.24 +/- 0.21) cm2 at anterior nasal spine plane, respectively; the pterygoid muscle cross-sectional area was (1.37 +/- 0.35 ) cm2 at the root of coronoid process plane, showing significant difference, when comparing with those before operation (P < 0.05). Lateral pterygoid muscle and temporal muscle had no statistical difference between the pre-and 10 days post-operatively(P > 0.05), however, the temporal muscle was reduced while the lateral pterygoid muscle was increased at 3 months post-operatively. The temporal muscle cross-sectional area was(2.35 + 0.25) cm2 at coronoid process plane; the temporal muscle and lateral pterygoid muscle cross-sectional areas were (1.00 +/- 0.16) cm2 and (3.54 +/- 0.61) cm2 at the root of coronoid process plane, which were significantly different from those before operation (P < 0.05 ).

CONCLUSIONSBecause of osteotomy, muscles attached position are changed in the short term after zygomatic plasty combined with mandibular angel plasty. Masseter muscle and medial pterygoid muscle are inevitably injuried during the operation. With the postoperative recovery, muscles have adaptive changes which reduced compared with those before operation after their reattachment. Zygomatic plasty can cause temporal muscle atrophy;while the lateral pterygoid muscle is rarely involved, the cross sectional area had no statistical difference between the pre- and 10 days post-operative, and the cross sectional area increase at 3 months post-operatively may be due to a compensational enlargement.

Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Mandible ; surgery ; Masseter Muscle ; anatomy & histology ; Osteotomy ; Postoperative Period ; Pterygoid Muscles ; anatomy & histology ; Stomatognathic System ; anatomy & histology ; Temporal Muscle ; anatomy & histology ; Zygoma ; surgery

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the feasibility of localizing the internal auditory canal (IAC) and the facial nerve through the root of the zygoma, foramen spinosum and the head of the malleus in middle fossa approach with the assistance of high resolution computerized tomography (HRCT).

METHODSEighteen human cadaveric temporal bones were scanned and measured by HRCT. Cadaver specimen were divided into two groups. Group A was studied first through a middle fossa approach to find out the relationship between the HRCT measurements and the anatomic measurements. Then 4 whole human cadaveric heads (8 temporal bones) of group B were dissected using a HRCT oriented middle fossa approach to localize IAC with the root of the zygoma, foramen spinosum and the head of the malleus as landmarks. The two measurement methods were analysed with the Paired-Sample T test, and the difference was thought to be statistical significant when P < 0.05.

RESULTSIn Group A, there were no statistical significant differences between the CT measurements and the anatomic measurements from the head of the malleus to other important anatomic structures. In group B, the operation was guided with CT measurements: the distance between the head of the malleus and the root of the zygoma, and the distance between the head of the malleus and foramen spinosum. Within the range 1.5 mm to 3.7 mm, the head of malleus was correctly localized. In seven out of the eight cases, the root of the zygoma, the head of the malleus and the internal auditory canal were in a straight line, whereas, in one case, there was an angle of 15 degrees between the root of zygoma -head of malleus line and head of malleus -internal auditory canal line.

CONCLUSIONSHRCT would provide more information on the distance relationship between the head of malleus and the root of the zygoma, foramen spinosum and the internal auditory canal. The head of the malleus could be localized through the root of the zygoma and foramen spinosum with HRCT and therefore the IAC could be exposed with the head of the malleus as a landmark in middle fossa approach when other landmarks were not recognizable.

Adult ; Ear Canal ; anatomy & histology ; diagnostic imaging ; Ear, Inner ; anatomy & histology ; diagnostic imaging ; Humans ; Malleus ; anatomy & histology ; diagnostic imaging ; Petrous Bone ; anatomy & histology ; diagnostic imaging ; Temporal Bone ; anatomy & histology ; diagnostic imaging ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; methods ; Zygoma ; anatomy & histology ; diagnostic imaging

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the alveolar bone thickness and root length changes of anterior teeth with cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).

METHODSCBCT scans were taken for 12 skeletal Class III patients who accepted the improved corticotomy (IC) procedures during pre-surgical orthodontics. The CBCT data in T1 (the maxillary dental arch was aligned and leveled) and T2 (extraction space closure) were superimposed and the alveolar bone thickness at root apex level and root length measurements were done.

RESULTSFrom T1 to T2, the buccal alveolar bone thickness for the upper lateral incisors increased from (1.89±0.83) to (2.47±1.02) mm (P<0.05), and for central incisors and for canines from (2.32±0.71) to (2.68±1.48) mm and from (2.28±1.08) to (2.41±1.40) mm, respectively. According to Sharpe Grading System, the root resorption grade for 69 teeth of 72 was located in Grade 1, two teeth in Grade 2, one tooth in Grade 3.

CONCLUSIONSThe improved corticotomy had the potential to increase the buccal alveolar bone thickness and the root resorption in most teeth was in Grade 1 according to Sharpe grading system.

Alveolar Process ; anatomy & histology ; diagnostic imaging ; surgery ; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography ; Cuspid ; Humans ; Incisor ; Malocclusion, Angle Class III ; diagnostic imaging ; surgery ; Root Resorption ; pathology ; Tooth Root ; Zygoma

OBJECTIVEThis research aimed to analyze the three-dimensional position of mandibular canal (MC) and man of MC and its relationship with the surrounding structures dibular morphology of normal young males and females by using data from cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), as well as to provide an anatomical basis for clinical surgery of the mandible.

METHODSNormal occlusion and CBCT scans of 29 normal young people were conducted. InVivo 5 software was used to reconstruct the mandible, anchor the points, and measure the jaw shape and three-dimensional course of MC. All measurements were analyzed with SSPS 17.0 software.

RESULTSThe MC lingual bone cortex was thinner than the MC buccal bone cortex, and the distance of the MC to the buccal bone cortex gradually increased. However, the distance of the MC to the tongue bone cortex and alveolar crest gradually decreased from proximal to distal. In addition, the distance of the MC to the mandibular lower margin was minimal at the first molar and reached the maximum at the second premolar. No significant difference was observed among the heights, widths, and thicknesses of the left and right sides of the cortical bone of the mandibular body cross sections. From the midline to the farthest point, the height and lower one-third thickness of the lingual cortical bone of the mandibular body cross sections gradually decreased, whereas the width of the upper cross section and upper one-third thickness of the buccal cortical bone gradually increased. Significant difference was observed in some measured values.

CONCLUSIONAfter MC enter into the mandibular foramen, it moved away from the lingual to the buccal bone but gradually returned to the lingual bone; its general course is closer to the lingual bone. The mandibles of males are thicker than those of females. CBCT can accurately display the course of MC and its relationship with the surrounding structures.

Alveolar Process ; Bicuspid ; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography ; methods ; Dental Pulp Cavity ; Female ; Humans ; Hyoid Bone ; Male ; Mandible ; anatomy & histology ; diagnostic imaging ; Molar ; Software ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Tongue ; Zygoma

OBJECTIVE: To explore the methods for sex determination on head CT film. METHODS: To establish the sex determination equations by binary regression analysis of cranial skeletal indices obtained on head CT film. RESULTS: A single element equation by applying the index of the width of ansa capitis and a multi-element equation by applying multitude indices were established. CONCLUSION The equations for sex determination on head CT film were established.
Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Algorithms ; Facial Bones/anatomy & histology* ; Female ; Forensic Anthropology ; Head/diagnostic imaging* ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Middle Aged ; ROC Curve ; Sex Determination by Skeleton/methods* ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods* ; Zygoma/anatomy & histology*

PURPOSE: There are marked differences in facial skeletal characteristics between Asian and Caucasian. However, ethnic differences in age-related facial skeletal changes have not yet been fully established. The aims of this study were to evaluate age-related changes in Asian midfacial skeletons and to explore ethnic differences in facial skeletal structures with aging between Caucasian and Asian. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 108 men (aged 20-79 years) and 115 women (aged 20-81 years). Axial CT images with a gantry tilt angle of 0 were analyzed. We measured three-dimensional (3D) coordinates at each point with a pixel lens cursor in a picture archiving and communication system (PACS), and angles and widths between the points were calculated using 3D vector mathematics. We analyzed angular changes in 4 bony regions, including the glabellar, orbital, maxillary, and pyriform aperture regions, and changes in the orbital aperture width (distance from the posterior lacrimal crest to the frontozygomatic suture) and the pyriform width (between both upper margins of the pyriform aperture). RESULTS: All 4 midfacial angles in females and glabellar and maxillary angles in males showed statistically significant decreases with aging. On the other hand, the orbital and pyriform widths did not show statistically significant changes with aging. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that Asian midfacial skeletons may change continuously throughout life, and that there may be significant differences in the midfacial skeleton between both sexes and between ethnic groups.
Adult ; Aged ; Aging/ethnology/*physiology ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Facial Bones/*anatomy & histology/*radiography ; Female ; Humans ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Male ; Mathematics ; Maxilla/anatomy & histology/radiography ; Middle Aged ; Orbit/anatomy & histology/radiography ; Radiology Information Systems ; Republic of Korea ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/*methods ; Young Adult ; Zygoma/anatomy & histology/radiography