Objective Understanding current situation of pharmaceutical service before and since the ongoing health reform in community health institutions of China,and providing practical evidences to the government.Methods Adopting some indicators to comparative study the pharmaceutical care in 2008 and 201 1 in community health service institutions of China.Results From 2008 to 201 1, pharmaceutical service quality in general has greatly improved in community health institutions of China. For example,average number of drugs per prescription descended from 2.5 1 to 2.23.Percentage of prescriptions with an antibiotic descended from 43.98 to 32.08.Percentage of prescriptions with a hormone descended from 7.13 to 4.67.Percentage of prescriptions with two or more antibiotics descended from 1 1.24 to 7.31.These four indicators before and since the reform have statistical significance (P values are:0.003,0.001,0.003,0.004 respectively).But there are still inadequacies:from 2008 to 201 1,the average prescription cost descended from 59.63 to 5 1.18 yuan.Percentage of prescriptions with an IV drip descended from 34.84 to 30.41.These two indicators have not statistical significance(P values are 0.182,0.236 ).Conclusion To improve the quality of pharmaceutical service in community health institutions,the government should increase financial input to the community health institutions.

Because of its special features of cell differentiation, regeneration, and even passible re-growth of organs, stem cell research, which started at the end of the last century and has been making progress up to now, has triggered another biomedical revolution and has been hailed as the most important biomedical achievement towards the end of the 20th century. But at the same time because embryonic stem cells involve embryonic lives of human beings and tissue and organ re-growth, stem cell research has from the date of its birth prompted widespread ethical debate among biomedical and law specialists, philosophers and politicians. The paper briefly reviews the achievements that have been made in stem cell research and relevant ethical debate. It also puts forward the authors' viewpoints on the ethical issues involved and their effect on the future development of medical treatment.

Objective To leam how the doctors and patients perceive whether the medical examinations made are rational and to use this finding as a reference for medical examinations provision. Methods By way of convenience sampling and individual interviews, 58 medical staff and 329 patients were surveyed to find their perception of the contents and meaning of rational medical examinations, the factors affecting choices of medical examinations, and the causes of unreasonable medical examinations. Results Differences of perception by medical staff from different departments and academic titles are not statically significant as P>0. 05; a huge gap exists between the perception of outpatients and inpatients, as well as between patients of different genders. The most obvious gap is found between doctors and patients, as P<0. 05; Conclusions Patients ought to be the one to decide whether the medical examinations provided to them are rational, and their rights and interests ought to be the key criterion for the rationality evaluation of medical examinations. Objective evaluation and correct coping style to the different perceptions of medical examinations by doctors and patients will guarantee reasonable choices of medical examinations.

In line with guidelines of the health reform and realities in China,we comprehensively analyzed the strengths,weaknesses,opportunities,and threats in improving the hierarchical medical system by means of the SWOT method.Based on such,we proposed some corresponding development countermeasures,for policy and decision references in developing a medical system of reasonable division of responsibilities.

Objective To explore the necessity and models of developing community health services in rural areas. Methods Both quantitative and qualitative studies were conducted. Results Those who regarded developing community health services in rural areas as highly necessary accounted for 35% while those who regarded it as necessary accounted for 58% . The model of cooperation between township and village or between hospital and village was advocated for areas with an average income of 1 000 yuan and above; the model of combining the hospital with the health station or three "five in ones" was advocated for areas with an average income of 2 000 yuan and above; and the model of "three in one" was advocated for areas with an average income of 3 000 yuan and above. Conchusion There are many factors that influence the development of community health services in rural areas, but the models selected vary mainly because of the difference in income levels and the difference between various areas.

Objective To explore the relationship of the K121Q polymorphism of membrane glycoprotein PC-1 gene with the features of insulin resistance(IR) and type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).Methods The K121Q polymorphism in exon 4 of PC-1 gene were determined with the technique of polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP) in 133 patients with T2DM and 108 controls with normal glucose tolerance(NGT) in Shenzhen city.The clinical and laboratory data were also compared between type 2 diabetic patients with different genotypes.Results No statistically significant differences were observed in the genotype and allele frequencies between the control and the T2DM subjects.The concentrations of fasting plasma glucose(FPG),triglycerides(TG) and C-peptide were higher in T2DM patients with KQ genotype than with KK genotype(P

OBJECTIVE: To promote the development of clinical pharmacy and improve the social efficacy of ADR monitoring so as to ensure safe and rational use of drugs.METHODS: The current status of Chinese ADR monitoring system and the problems faced in the development of ADR monitoring were analyzed by means of literature review,contrasting analysis,and data reduction etc.RESULTS & CONCLUSION: There are many problems existed in the current ADR monitoring,for instance: the regulations system of ADR monitoring is unsound,the monitoring technology is weak;the cognition level of many medical workers is still very low etc.It is urgently needed to intensify propaganda on ADR monitoring,strengthen ADR monitoring,develop technological system of monitoring,set up expert database and train professional talents.

ObjectiveTo display the hot research points in stroke awareness, emergency treatment and evolution. Methods Papers on stroke awareness and emergency treatment were retrieved from Web of Science.Their knowledge atlas was plotted by key word frequency analysis and co-word analysis.Results The number of papers on stroke awareness and emergency treatment has been increasing year by year, and stroke awareness and emergency treat-ment have been concerned more and more since 1996 , indicating that the situation is still severe in stroke aware-ness and emergency treatment and no breakthrough has been made in this field.ConclusionStress should be laid on acute ischemic stroke, especially tPA, in study of stroke awareness and emergency treatment Research should be transformed into combined prevention and control from treatment .

Objective:To explore the usage of system dynamics analyzing the influencing factors of total health expenditure(THE),forecast the trends of total health expenditure based on the method of System Dynamics and put forward relative countermeasures.Methods:According to the literature and expert consultation,the population,elderly,GDP,government health expenditures,drug costs and the number of health workers per thousand population were the important factors for THE.These factors were incorporated into system dynamics model for total health expenditure and conducted the simulation.Results:Based on the examination,the simulation results highly corresponded to historical data (2002-2014) and the official forecast (2015-2020),which showed that the model had good stability and reliability.The simulation results showed that steadily increasing total health expenditure would reach 7 457.12 billion yuan in 2025.Conclusion:The system dynamics approach had superior characteristics to other projection methods in terms of stability and reliability.In order to control the irrational growth of total health expenditure,it needed to increase the prevention investment,decrease the incidence of chronic diseases;sustainably improve the reform of public hospitals,implement the basic drug system;change the income-oriented performance appraisal to realize the labor value of medical staffs.

Objective To analyze the utilization of community health services(CHS) and influencing factors in Shenzhen. Methods Surveys were conducted by means of cluster random sampling and utilization of CHS for health promotion, utilization of single services and integrated utilization were analyzed using descriptive methods. Results The rate of integrated utilization was 35.90% and the most utilized single services were patient care and drug purchase, with general physical checkup, health guidance and disease prevention coming next. Conclusion Factors such as the layout, convenience and knowledge of CHS are conducive to enhancing the rate of CHS utilization whereas factors such as residence in a special economic zone, student status, and higher educational backgrounds have a negative influence on CHS utilization.