Objective The aim of this study was to analyze the characteristics of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) admitted on Ramadan or no-Ramadan.Methods We analyzed HuiNation patients' admissions of UGIB in Ningxia Medical University General Hospital from 2000 to 2013 (a total of 1192 admissions).Differences in etiological,transfusion undergo early esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and hospital stays between Hui-Nation patients on Ramadan.Results Ramadan admissions were associated with significantly higher hemorrhage rates than no-Ramadan admissions among Hui-Nation patients.Peptic ulcer (56％),esophageal varices (17％) and gastric erosive (12％) were the main reason of UGIB in Ramadan.Ramadan admissions were associated with significantly blood transfusion,less likely to undergo early EGD,mortality and long length of stay (p ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Ramadan admission of UGIH was higher than no-Ramadan.Doctor should pay more attention to this phenomenon.

The incidence rate of hypertriglyceridemic pancreatitis (HTGP) is gradually increasing, and its complex pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated, which causes the difficulty in treatment. At present, there are no recommended guidelines for the treatment of HTGP. According to the process of the development and progression of HTGP, this article reviews related articles in China and foreign countries from the aspects of treatment during acute exacerbation, treatment for the special population, and long-term prevention of recurrence.

Objective:To investigate the risk factors of acute pancreatitis (AP) complicated with thrombotic diseases.Methods:Clinical data of 5 223 patients with AP admitted to the General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University from January 2015 to September 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. They were divided into thrombosis group and non-thrombosis group according to whether they were complicated with thrombotic diseases. The following data were recorded: gender, age, past history, time of onset, etiology, severity grade of AP, BISAP score, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), D-dimer(D-D), fibrinogen(FIB), white blood cell count(WBC), platelet count (PLT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), blood glucose level, with or without hypoalbuminemia, hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia, date of diagnosis, location of thrombus, clinical manifestations and anticoagulant therapy. Univariate and Logistic multivariate regression analysis were used to analyze the risk factors of AP complicated with thrombotic diseases. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn, the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated, and the efficacy of independent risk factors in predicting AP complicated with thrombotic diseases was evaluated.Results:46(0.88%) of 5 223 patients with AP were complicated with thrombosis, which occurred 8.50(2.00-15.00) days after the onset of AP; the age of onset was 66 (52-74) years; the patients with thrombotic diseases were mostly SAP patients (23/46, 50%); the most common type was deep venous thrombosis in lower extremity (19/46, 41.3%); 37 patients (80.4%) received regular anticoagulant treatment after finding thrombus, and no bleeding was found during hospitalization. Univariate analysis showed that the age of patients with thrombosis was higher than that of patients without thrombosis, APTT value was prolonged, D-D value was increased, WBC was decreased and SAP was more in AP severity, the number of patients with BISAP score ≥3 was increased significantly, and the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that AP severity ( OR=3.017, 95% CI 1.799-5.061, P<0.001) and age ( OR=1.029, 95% CI 1.000-1.059, P=0.049) were independent risk factors for AP patients complicated with thrombosis. The AUC of AP severity and age in predicting AP complicated with thrombotic diseases were 0.714 and 0.625, respectively. The sensitivity was 67.4% and 47.8%, and the specificity was 70.6% and 77.9%, respectively. Conclusions:The severity grade and age of AP were independent risk factors for AP complicated with thrombotic diseases. Early vigilance and clinical intervention should be given.

Objective:To investigate the distribution, drug resistance and clinical significance of bacteria and fungi in pancreatic juice of patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP).Methods:Data of patients with severe acute pancreatitis receiving ERCP treatment and pancreatic juice bacterial culture at Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University from Jan 2019 to Jun 2020 were retrospectively analyzed.Results:A total of 97 patients were included. Pathogens were isolated from 46 (47.42%) pancreatic juice samples, with 71 strains including 43 (60.56%) gram negative bacteria, 26 (36.62%) gram positive bacteria, and 2 (2.82%) fungi. The C-reactive protein (CRP), D-dimer and Balthazar CT Score in the culture positive group were higher than those in the culture negative group ( P < 0.05). The incidence of complications and pancreatic infection in the culture positive group was also significantly higher ( P < 0.05). Conclusions:The positive rate of pancreatic juice bacterial culture in the early stage of severe acute pancreatitis is high, in which Gram-negative bacteria are most common, followed by Gram-positive bacteria and fungi. The presence of pathogens in pancreatic juice predicts ensuing infections.

Objective:To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of pancreatic duct stent under endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in the treatment of patients with hypertriglyceridemic pancreatitis (HTGP).Methods:The clinical data of 66 patients with HTGP at the General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University from January 1, 2017 to June 1, 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups according to treatment methods: conservative group ( n=46) and stent group ( n=20). The incidence of complications, the rate of transfer to the intensive care unit (ICU) for intensive treatment, the acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II score at 48 hours after admission, the level of triglycerides, and the application interval of enzyme inhibitor were compared between groups. Results:There were 53 males and 13 females, aged (39.3±9.7) years. There were no deaths in both groups, all 20 patients in the stent group underwent successful pancreatic duct stenting. Compared with before treatment, the level of blood white blood cell, amylase, triglycerides, and APACHE II scores of patients in the conservative group and the stent group were both significantly reduced after treatment ( P<0.05). After treatment, the APACHE II score of stent group patients was significantly lower than that of the conservative group [2.00(2.00, 4.00) vs 4.00(3.00, 5.25), P<0.05]. The length of fasting, hospitalization, and the enzyme inhibitor application of patients in the stent group were significantly lower than conservative group ( P<0.05). The complication rate of the stent group was significantly lower than conservative group [ 10.0% (2/20) vs 41.3% (19/46), P<0.05]. Conclusion:Pancreatic duct stenting can quickly relieve clinical symptoms of HTGP patients, reduce length of hospital stay and improve prognosis, which means it is a safe and effective treatment strategy for HTGP.

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of early pancreatic duct stenting in the treatment of acute pancreatitis.Methods:The retrospective and descriptive study was conducted. The clinical data of 201 patients with acute pancreatitis who were admitted to General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University from October 2011 to December 2017 were collected. There were 106 males and 95 females, aged from 18 to 90 years, with a median age of 62 years. Of 201 patients, there were 178 cases with moderate severe acute pancreatitis and 23 cases with serious severe acute pancreatitis. Patients were treated with pancreatic duct stenting within 48 hours after admission. Observation indicators: (1) treatment; (2) follow-up. Follow-up was conducted using outpatient examination and telephone interview to detect recurrence of acute pancreatitis after surgery up to June 2019. Measurement data with normal distribution were represented by Mean± SD, and the independent sample t test was used for comparison between groups, and the matched samples t test was used for comparison between before and after. Measurement data with skewed distribution were represented by M( P25 ,P75) or M(range), and the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison between groups, and the Wilcoxon signed rank sum test was used for comparison between before and after. Count data were expressed as absolute numbers or percentages, and comparison between groups was analyzed using the chi-square test . Results:(1) Treatment: 201 patients received pancreatic duct stenting successfully, 63 of which were detected pancreatic obstruction with white-floc. The interval time from admission to surgery , operation time, time for initial oral intake, duration of hospital stay and hospital expenses of 201 patients were 10 hours(4 hours,22 hours), (35±15)minutes, 3 days(2 days,5 days), 6 days(5 days,10 days) and 3.8×10 4 yuan (3.0×10 4 yuan,4.9×10 4 yuan). Of 201 patients, 22 patients were transferred to intensive care unit, including 1 case with serious severe underwent inhospital death and 1 case with moderate severe and 7 cases with serious severe underwent auto-discharge from hospital. There were 25 cases with local complications, including 17 cases with pancreatic infectious necrosis, 7 cases with pancreatic walled-off necrosis and 1 case with spleen infarction. All 25 patients were cured after surgical inter-vention or conservative treatment. Further analysis showed that cases being transferred to intensive care unit, cases undergoing surgical treatment, the time for initial oral intake, duration of hospital stay and cases undergoing auto-discharge from hospital were 6, 11, 3 days(2 days,5 days), 6 days(5 days,10 days) and 1 for the 178 moderate severe cases, versus 16, 5, 7 days(4 days,9 days), 9 days (7 days,17 days) and 7 for the 23 serious severe cases, showing significant differences ( χ2=91.561, 6.730, Z=6.485, 5.463, χ2=47.561, P<0.05). The white blood cell count, serum amylase indexes and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ score of 201 patients were (14±6)×10 9/L, 928 U/L(411 U/L,1 588 U/L), 9±5 before admission, versus (10±4)×10 9/L, 132 U/L(72 U/L,275 U/L), 6±4 at 48 hours after admission, respectively, showing significant differences ( t=12.219, Z=11.639, t=16.016, P<0.05). (2) Follow-up: of 201 patients, 153 cases were followed up for 40 months (27 months,55 months). During the follow-up, 32 of the 153 cases had recurrence of acute pancreatitis. Conclusion:Early pancreatic duct stenting is safe and feasible in the treatment of acute pancreatitis.

Objective:To investigate the characteristics and clinical significance of distribution of bacteria and fungi in pancreatic fluid and bile in patients with acute biliary pancreatitis (ABP).Methods:The clinical data of patients with ABP who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and pancreatic duct stenting with simultaneous bacterial and fungal culture of bile and pancreatic fluid at the Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University from January 1, 2019, to June 30, 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Of 202 patients, there were 102 males, and 100 females, aged (54±16) years old. Patients were divided into two groups by presence or absence of pancreatic infection: the pancreatic infection group ( n=20) and the non-pancreatic infection group ( n=182). Of the 76 patients with positive bile bacterial cultures, 60 patients with positive pancreatic fluid bacterial cultures were included in the positive pancreatic fluid culture group and 16 patients with negative pancreatic fluid cultures were included in the negative pancreatic fluid culture group. The clinical data including the type and distribution of bacteria cultured, complications, and co-infections of patients were compared. Factors associated with pancreatic infection were analyzed using logistic regression and the value of assessment of the associated factors was analyzed by plotting the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results:Of 404 specimens (202 each of pancreatic fluid and bile) were sent for examination, 152 (37.6%) were positive. 174 strains were isolated from the 152 positive specimens, 96 (55.2%) gram-negative, 70 (40.2%) gram-positive and 8 (4.6%) fungal strains. Compared to the pancreatic fluid culture-negative group, patients in the pancreatic fluid culture positive group had a statistically significant ( P<0.05) increased risk of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, duration of fever, Balthazar CT score, complication rate, and development of pancreatic necrosis, pancreatic infection and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Compared to patients in the non-pancreatic infection group, patients in the pancreatic infection group had a statistically significant ( P<0.05) increase in duration of fever on admission, duration of fasting, and proportion of patients with combined SIRS, positive bile cultures, positive pancreatic fluid cultures, and diabetes mellitus. Logistic regression analysis showed that positive pancreatic fluid cultures ( OR=6.699, 95% CI: 1.159-38.725) and diabetes mellitus on admission ( OR=4.625, 95% CI: 1.304-16.394) were risk factors for late pancreatic infection ( P<0.05). The area under the ROC curve for the combination of both positive pancreatic fluid culture and diabetes mellitus in predicting late pancreatic infection in patients was 0.788, with a specificity of 59.30% and a sensitivity of 90.00%. Conclusions:Bacterial culture in pancreatic juice and bile of ABP patients showed mainly Gram-negative bacteria. Early culture of pancreatic juice and bile had positive significance in ABP evaluation, infection prediction and anti-infection treatment.

Objective:To evaluate the effect of pancreatic duct stenting in the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP).Methods:The clinical data of 68 patients with SAP admitted to the Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University from January, 2019 to July, 2020 were retrospectively analyzed, including 38 males and 30 females, aged (44.85±8.51) years old. The patients were divided into two groups according to the treatment modality: the conservative group ( n=41) which received the conservative management, and the stent group ( n=27) which underwent pancreatic duct stent implantation and conservative management. The basic information, parenteral nutrition support time, fasting days, and other clinical data of patients were collected. Serum amylase, white blood cell count, acute physiology and chronic health (APACHE) II score and CT score were compared between the two groups at admission and 48 hours after treatment. Results:The serum amylase, white blood cell count, APACHE II score and CT score of the two groups were significantly lower after treatment (all P<0.05). Compared with the conservative group, the APACHE II score [(5.52±2.15) vs. (8.76±2.50)] and CT score [(4.85±1.96) vs. (6.18±1.07)] of patients were lower in the stent group after treatment (both P<0.05). Pancreatic duct stents were successfully implanted in all 27 patients of the stent group. Intubation to the main pancreatic duct failed in one patient, while the accessory pancreatic duct was alternatively intubated through the accessory nipple. No severe complications such as iatrogenic pancreatitis, bleeding, and perforation occurred after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. The incidence of postoperative local complications was lower [18.52%(5/27) vs. 41.46%(17/41)], the proportion of antibiotic use>3 types [29.63%(8/27) vs. 56.10%(23/41)] decreased, and the analgesic episodes decreased [2(1, 3) vs. 4(3, 6)] in the stent group. The antibiotic usage duration [8(3, 11) d vs. 13(10, 19) d], the parenteral nutrition time [7(4, 15)d vs. 15(8, 18)d], the fasting time [5(3, 11) d vs. 11(6, 13)d] and the hospital stay [10(5, 16) d vs. 15(13, 23)d] were all shortened (all P<0.05). Conclusion:Both conservative management and pancreatic duct stenting can alleviate the clinical symptoms of SAP, and pancreatic duct stenting could help reduce local complications, relieve symptoms, and shorten hospital stay.

OBJECTIVE：To overview the systematic review on the effectiveness of indomethacin in the prevention of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis （PEP），and to provide reliable evidence-based reference for the prevention of PEP. METHODS ：Retrieved from PubMed ，the Cochrane Library ，Embase，CBM，CNKI，Wanfang database and VIP，systematic review on indomethacin in the prevention of PEP were collected during the inception to Nov. 2020. The methodological quality ，report quality and evidence quality of the included studies were evaluated by AMSTAR 2 scale，PRISMA statement and GRADE method. The effectiveness of PEP prevention was described. RESULTS ：Finally，23 systematic reviews were obtained ，including 12 in Chinese and 11 in English. Tweenty-two systematic reviews showed that compared with placebo ， indomethacin could effectively reduce the incidence of PEP. Eight systematic reviews showed that indomethacin significantly reduced the incidence of moderate and severe PEP compared with placebo. Five systematic reviews showed that indomethacin could reduce the incidence of postoperative hyperamylasemia compared with placebo. Three systematic reviews showed that indomethacin also had a good preventive effect on people with high risk of PEP. PRISMA score of included systematic reviews ranged from 15 to 25. The quality evaluation of AMSTAR 2 methodology included in systematic reviews was low ，and the key items of complete report were 4，9，11 and 13. The GRADE evidence quality evaluation of the included systematic reviews showed that the quality of the evidence was concentrated in the low level. CONCLUSIONS ：Indomethacin has a certain effect in the prevention of PEP ，but the overall evidence quality of the included literatures is generally not high. It needs to be further validated by high-quality clinical research.