Objective To evaluate the effects of morphine preconditioning-postconditioning on ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in isolated rat hearts. Methods Male SD rats weighing 180-200 g were killed after intraperitoneal injection of heparin 500 U/kg. The hearts were immediately removed and perfused in a Langendorff apparatus with K-H solution gassed with 95%O2-5%CO2 .HR and left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP) were measured from a fluid-filled latex balloon in the left ventricle. Global myocardial ischemia was induced by interrupting perfusion for 45 min followed by 60 min reperfusion. Forty isolated rat hearts were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 8 each): group 1 (I/R); group II morphine preconditioning (M1 ); group Ⅲ morphine postconditioning (M2); group IV M1 + M2; group V 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD) + M2. Group M1 was perfused with K-H solution containing morphine 3.0 μmol/L for 20 min 30 min before ischemia followed by 10 min normal K-H solution perfusion. Group M2 was perfused with K-H solution containing morphine 3.0 μmol/L for 10 min at the beginning of reperfusion followed by 50 min normal K-H solution perfusion. Group 5-HD + M2 was perfused with K-H solution containing morphine 3.0 μmol/L+ 5-HD 10-4 mmol/L for 10 min at the beginning of reperfusion followed by 50 min normal K-H solution perfusion. Myocardial CK-MB activity was measured and myocardial infarct size (IS/AAR) detennined (by 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium staining) at the end of 60 min reperfusion. Results The preconditioning, postconditioning and combination of preconditioning and postconditioning with morphine 3.0 μmol/L perfusion for 10 min all provided cardio-protective effects in terms of IS/AAR and myocardial activation of CK-MB. Conclusion Although the combination of morphine preconditioning and postconditioning can protect the heart against I/R injury, the effects are similar to those of either of them alone, and the reason may be that either of them alone protects the heart against I/R injury via activating mitoKATP .

Objective To determine whether morphine postconditioning (MP) could protect the heart against ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury and which specific type(s) of the opioid receptor is involved in the cardioprotective effect produced by hiP. Methods Male SD rots weighing 180-200 g were killed after intraperitoneal heparin 500 U/kg. The hearts were immediately removed and passively perfused in a Langendorff apparatus with K-H solution gassed with 95% O2-5% CO2. HR and left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP) were measured from a fluid-filled latex balloon in the left ventricle. Global myocardial ischemia was induced by interrupting perfusion for 45 min followed by 60 min reperfusion. The experiment was performed in 3 parts. In Part Ⅰ 32 isolated rat hearts were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 8 each): group Ⅰ control received no treatment; group Ⅱ ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ were first perfused with K-H solution containing morphine 0.3, 3.0 and 30 μmol/L respectively for 10 min immediately after the end of ischemia followed by 50 min normal K-H solution perfusion. In part Ⅱ,the concentration of morphine in K-H solution which provided the best cardio-protective effects was chosen according to the result of Part Ⅰ , 32 isolated rat hearts were randomly divided into 4 groups ( n = 8 each) : group Ⅰ received no treatment; gvoup Ⅱ,ⅢⅣ were first perfused with K-H solution containing morphine for 5, 10, 20 min respectively immediately after ischemia followed by 50 min peffusion with normal K-H solution. In part Ⅲ,the MP method which provided the best cardio-protective effects was chosen according to the result of Part Ⅱ , 37 isolated rat hearts were randomly divided into 5 groups: group Ⅰ control (n=8);group Ⅱ-Ⅴ were first perfused for 10 min with K-H solution containing morphine (Ⅱ,n = 8)/morphine + naloxone 10 μmol/L(Ⅲ, n = 7)/morphine + nor-binaltorphimine 5 μmol/L (specific κ receptor antagonist, n = 7)/morphine + nalu'indole 5 μmol/L (specific δ receptor antagonist, n = 7) followed by 50 min reperfusion with normal K-H solution. Myocardial CK-MB activity was measured and myocardial infarct size (IS/AAR) determined (by 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium staining) at the end of 60 min reperfusion.Results The postconditioning with morphine 3.0 μmol/L perfusion for 10 min provided the best cardio-protective effects in terms of IS/AAR and myocardial release of CK-MB. Nuloxone completely abolished the cardio-protective effects of MP. Nor-binaltorphimine partly reversed the protective effect of MP, while naltrindole had no effects on MP. Conclusion MP protects the heart against I/R injury via activating κ receptor.

Objective To evaluate the role of c?Jun N?terminal kinase ( JNK) and p38 mitogen?ac?tivated protein kinase ( p38MAPK) signaling pathways in attenuation of myocardial ischemia?reperfusion ( I∕R) injury by morphine postconditioning. Methods Healthy adult male Sprague?Dawley rats, weighing 180-240 g, were used in the study. Their hearts were excised and retrogradely perfused in a Langendorff apparatus with Krebs?Ringer ( K?R) buffer saturated with 95% O2?5% O2 at 37℃. After 15 min of equili?bration, 52 isolated hearts were divided into 4 groups ( n=13 each) using a random number table: control group (group C), I∕R group, morphine postconditioning group (group MP), and morphine postcondition?ing plus anisomycin group ( group MP+A) . The hearts were continuously perfused with K?R buffer for 105 min in group C. In group I∕R, the hearts were subjected to 45 min of global ischemia by stopping perfusion with K?R buffer, followed by 60 min of reperfusion by restoration of perfusion with K?R buffer. In group MP, the hearts were subjected to 45 min of global ischemia, followed by 10 min of reperfusion with K?R buffer containing 3?0 μmol∕L morphine and then by 50 min of reperfusion with K?R buffer. In group MP+A, the hearts were subjected to 45 min of global ischemia, followed by 10 min of reperfusion with K?R buffer containing 3?0 μmol∕L morphine and 1?0 μmol∕L anisomycin ( an activator of JNK and p38MAPK) and then by 50 min of reperfusion with K?R buffer. At 60 min of reperfusion, 8 hearts in each group were selected for measurement of the myocardial infarction and amount of creatine kinase?MB ( CK?MB) released from the myocardium, and the myocardial infarct size was calculated. At 20 min of reperfusion, 5 hearts in each group were selected to detect the expression of phosphorylated JNK ( p?JNK ) , phosphorylated p38MAPK ( p?p38MAPK) and cytochrome c ( Cyt c) in myocardial tissues ( by Western blot) and content of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ( NAD+) in myocardial tissues ( by spectrophotometry ) . Results Compared to group C, the myocardial infarct size and amount of CK?MB released from the myocardium were significantly increased, the expression of p?JNK, p?p38MAPK and Cyt c was significantly up?regulated, and the content of NAD+ was significantly decreased in I∕R, MP and MP+A groups ( P<0?05) . Compared to group I∕R, the myocardial infarct size and amount of CK?MB released from the myocardium were signifi?cantly decreased in MP and MP+A groups, and the expression of p?JNK, p?p38MAPK and Cyt c was sig?nificantly down?regulated, and the content of NAD+ was significantly increased in group MP (P<0?05). Compared to group MP , the myocardial infarct size and amount of CK?MB released from the myocardium were significantly increased, the expression of p?JNK, p?p38MAPK and Cyt c was significantly up?regula?ted, and the content of NAD+ was significantly decreased in group MP+A (P<0?05). Conclusion The mechanism by which morphine postconditioning attenuates myocardial I∕R injury is related to inhibition of activation of JNK and p38MAPK signaling pathways in rats.

Objective To evaluate the effects of dexmedetomidine plus sufentanil during postoperative analgesia on sleep quality in patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy.Methods Sixty patients (aged 30-55 years,ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ) scheduled for hysterectomy were randomly divided into the following 2 groups: group C (n=30,sufentanil) and group D (n=30,sufentanil plus dexmedetomidine).Polysomnography measures were performed,the night before surgery (PSG1),the first night after surgery (PSG2),and the second night after surgery (PSG3).In addition,pain levels (visual analogue scale,VAS),sedation levels,sufentanil consumptions,and possible adverse effects on MAP,HR and SpO2 were investigated.Results Compared with PSG1,N1 stage sleep in group C and N2 stage sleep in group D were significantly increased (P<0.05),N1 stage sleep at PSG2 and PSG3 in group D was decreased (P<0.05);N3 and REM stage sleep,sleep efficiency index and subjective sleep quality were decreased,arousal index was increased in two groups (P<0.05).Compared with group C,N1 stage sleep was decreased,and N2 stage sleep was increased at PSG2 and PSG3 in group D (P<0.05);sleep efficiency index,subjective sleep quality were increased,arousal index in group D was decreased (P<0.05).Patients in group D had a lower VAS score and cumulative sufentanil consumption,MAP,HR at 6,24,48 h after surgery (P<0.05) and a higher sedation score at 6,24 h after surgery than those in group C (P<0.05).Conclusion Besides offering effective analgesia,postoperative dexmedetomidine infusion has positive effects on sleep disturbance in patients undergoing hysterectomy.

Objective To evaluate the role of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in sevofluraneinduced release of inflammatory factors in mouse microglias.Methods Microglial cells obtained from newborn C57BL/6 mice (aged 2-3 days) were seeded in 24-well plates (density 1 × 105 cells/ml, 1 ml/well) , a total of 80 wells.The cells were randomly divided into 4 groups using a random number table (n =20 each) : control group (group C);sevoflurane group (group S);NF-κB selective inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) group (group P);PDTC + sevoflurane group (group P +S).In S and P+S groups, 4.1％ sevoflurane was inhaled for 6 h.In P+S group, 10 μmol/L PDTC was added at 1 h before sevoflurane inhalation.At 6 h of incubation with sevoflurane, NF-κB activity and expression and levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were determined.Results Compared with group C, the NF-κB activity and levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly increased in group S, and no significant change in the above parameters was found in the other two groups.Compared with group S, the NF-κB activity and levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly decreased in group P+S.There was no significant difference in NF-κB expression between the four groups.Conclusion NF-κB mediates sevoflurane-induced release of inflammatory factors in mouse microglias.

Objective To investigate the impact and significance of a precision nursing plan during the surgical manage-ment of femoral neck fractures in elderly patients.Methods From May 2022 to May 2023,70 patients with femoral neck frac-tures,including medium-sized neck and head-type,were randomly divided into a control group and an observation group equally.The two groups were managed with routine nursing interventions and specific nursing interventions,respectively.The two groups were compared in terms of the psychological status,complications,hip joint functions,and prognostic effects.Results After the intervention,the psychological status scores of both two groups significantly decreased.The observation group showed lower psy-chological status scores,indicating better psychological status compared to the control group(P＜0.05).The rate of postopera-tive complications in the observation group was significantly lower than that of the control group(P＜0.05).Additionally,the scores of hip joint function in the observation group were higher than those of the control group(P＜0.05).At the time of dis-charge,the scores of self-care ability in both two groups had increased,and the scores of femoral head necrosis were significantly decreased after 3 months of interventions(P＜0.05).Furthermore,the self-care ability scores in the observation group were higher,and the scores of femoral head necrosis were lower compared to those of the control group,indicating that the prognosis of the observation group was better than that of the control group(P＜0.05).Conclusion The precise nursing interventions could effectively enhance the prognosis of elderly patients with femoral neck fractures and improve their self-care ability.