Objective To understand the schistosomiasis prevention knowledge of middle school students from areas with dif-ferent endemic levels in Hubei Province. Methods The schistosomiasis endemic regions were divided into transmission con-trolled areas and endemic controlled areas in Hubei Province,middle school students from different types of areas were selected through stratified randomized cluster sampling and were investigated by questionnaire. Results A total of 3 204 students were se-lected and investigated. The awareness rate of schistosomiasis prevention and control knowledge among the students ranged from 65.1%-90.3%. Overall,the students from endemic controlled areas had higher knowledge rates of all the items than those from transmission controlled areas(all P<0.05). The middle school students acquired schistosomiasis prevention knowledge mainly from the teachers,parents,doctors and schistosomiasis staff. Conclusion Health education to students should adopt different ways targeting at different endemic levels in the future.

Objective To explore protective effects of panaxtrial saponins (PTS) on cognition and memory of diabetic rats and to reveal its mechanism by which might involve regulating activity of astrocytes. Methods SD rats (n=24) were ran?domly assigned into control, diabetic and PTS-treated groups (n=8 in each group). Rat diabetic model was induced through streptozotocin injection intraperitoneally. Rats in control group were native rats, and rats in PTS-treated group were diabetic rats that were administered with PTS. Body weight and blood glucose were monitored through the experiments. Three months later, state of cognition was examined by methods of water maze. Hippocampal astrocyte morphology were detected by immu?nohistochemistry, and the expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in hippocampus were revealed by Western blot. Results Compared with control group, diabetic group showed cog?nitive dysfunction, atrophic astrocyte soma, shrinked astrocyte processes, and down-regulation of hippocampal GFAP and GDNF (P<0.05). Compared with diabetic group, PTS-treated group exhibited improved cognition and morphology of hippo?campal astrocyte, and reversed expression of GFAP and GDNF in diabetic hippocampus (P<0.05). Conclusion PTS re?versed astrocytic reactivity as well as expression of GDNF and GFAP in diabetic hippocampus and ameliorated diabetic cog?nitive dysfunction.

Objective:To describe the incidence, diagnosis rate, treatment rate and treatment pattern of hyperkalemia, and serum potassium retesting rate among hyperkalemia patients in the emergency department.Methods:Data were derived from Military Data Center for Rational Use of Drugs. Patients who accessed emergency medical services (≥18 years old) with record(s) of serum potassium between 2015 and 2017 were included. The data of laboratory test, diagnosis, and treatment were analyzed. The main outcomes included the incidence of hyperkalemia, the diagnosis rate, the treatment rate, treatment pattern and the 7-day retesting rate.Results:A total of 1 039 245 patients who met the above criteria were included, of whom, 36 615 (3.52%) had at least one hyperkalemia event. Among the emergency patients with chronic kidney disease, heart failure, diabetes mellitus and hypertension, the proportions of patients who experienced hyperkalemia were 47.69%, 29.13%, 21.69% and 10.16%, respectively. The diagnosis rate of emergency hyperkalemia patients was 9.23%. The overall hyperkalemia treatment rate was 42.1%. Insulin + glucose injection was the most commonly used therapy for emergency hyperkalemia patients. The overall serum potassium retesting rate within 7 days was 28.8%.Conclusions:Hyperkaliemia is more common and more severe in patients with chronic kidney disease, heart failure, diabetes and hypertension. The diagnosis rate and retesting rate of hyperkalemia are low, suggesting that the identification and management of hyperkaliemia in emergency patients should be strengthened.

Objective To explore the relationships between the quantitative parameters for contrastenhanced ultrasonography(CEUS) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and arteries in neoangiogenesis.Methods One hundred and fifteen HCCs in CEUS were analyzed off-line with dynamic vascular curve of ImageArena and immunohistochemical stained in the tissue slices.Parameters including maximum of intensity(IMAX),rise time(RT),time to peak(TTP),mean trasit time corresponding to the center of gravity(mTT) ,rise slope(RS) and washout time(WT) were analyzed by statistics.Unpaired arteries(UAs)of 82 HCC cases were succesfully stained.Results The number of UAs had moderate correlation with RT (r = - 0.446),TTP (r = - 0.432) and RS (r = 0.431) (P ＜ 0.05),and it had mild correlation with IMAX (r = 0.303) ,WT (r = 0.285) (P ＜0.05).Conclusions Neoangiogenesis is a functional adaptation to altered vascular dynamics.Quantitative parameters of CEUS,reflecting hemodynamics of tumors,are correlated with UAs.

Objective To investigate the assessment methods and mechanisms of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID)-induced injury in rat small intestinal epithelial barrier,and to explore the protective effects of mucosal protective agents and antacids on it.Methods A total of 96 rats were evenly divided into the morphologic observation group and the mechanism research group,and 48 in each group.Then each group was evenly divided into eight subgroups:the healthy control group,the model group (model established with indomethacin),the teprenone prevention group,the rabeprazole prevention group,the treatment control group,the teprenone treatment group,the rabeprazole treatment group and the teprenone and rabeprazole combined group (combined group),six in each group.Exfoliated cells gap density of small intestine of each subgroup was determined by confocal laser endomicroscopy.Serum level of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)was measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB),caspase-3,zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1 )and occludin at protein level was detected by Western blotting.The LSD-t test or Hamhane′s T2 test was performed for statistical analysis.Results The exfoliated cells gap densities of the teprenone prevention group and the rabeprazole prevention group were (57.43 ± 24.55 )/1 000 and (59.80 ± 21 .14 )/1 000,respectively, which were both lower than that of the model group ((110.93±50.58)/1 000),and the differences were statistically significant (t= 53.50 and 54.13,both P < 0.01 ).The exfoliated cells gap density of the combined group was (40.53 ±15 .39)/1 000,which was lower than that of the treatment control group ((93.80±40.65 )/1 000 ),and the difference was statistically significant (t =44.27,P <0.01 ).The serum levels of TNF-α of the teprenone prevention group and the rabeprazole prevention group were (25 .80±8.97)ng/L and (22.74 ±7.15 )ng/L,repsectively,which were both lower than that of the model group ((44.48 ± 7.42 )ng/L),and the differences were statistically significant (t = 18.68 and 21 .74,both P <0.01 ).The serum level of TNF-αof the combined group ((13.66 ±4.98)ng/L)was lower than that of the treatment control group ((24.67±6.70)ng/L),and the difference was statistically significant (t = 9.02,P < 0.01 ).The caspase-3 levels of teprenone prevention group and rabeprazole prevention group were 1 .47 ±0.35 and 1 .58 ±0.34,and the NF-κB levels of these two groups were 1 .27±0.14 and 1 .21 ± 0.10,respectively.Compared with those of model group (2.44 ± 0.45 and 1 .69±0.13),the differences were statistically significant (t =0.97,0.86,0.42 and 0.48,respectively, all P <0.01 ).The levels of caspase-3 and NF-κB of the combined group were 0.66±0.06 and 0.44 ± 0.21 ,respectively,which were lower than those of the treatment control group,and the differences were statistically significant (t=0.34 and 0.56,both P <0.01).The expressions of occludin at protein level of the teprenone prevention group and the rabeprazole prevention group were 0.69 ±0.16 and 0.74 ±0.11 , and the levels of ZO-1 were 0.81 ± 0.08 and 0.84 ± 0.12.Compared with those of the model group (0.45 ±0.22 and 0.64±0.07 ),the differences were statistically significant (t =0.24,0.29,0.17 and 0.21 ,respectively,all P <0.01 ).The levels of occludin and ZO-1 of the combined group were 2.50 ± 0.46 and 1 .76±0.18,which were higher than those of the treatment control group,and the differences were statistically significant (t =1 .50 and 0.76,both P <0.01 ).Conclusions The exfoliated cells gap density may be a valuable indicator to predict the degree of inflammation response and permeability of epithelial barrier as well as to evaluate efficacy of medication.Teprenone and rabeprazole have prevention and treatment effects on NSAID-induced injury in rat small intestine.

Objective To compare the extracellular space diffusion at different stages of rat C6-gliomas determined by MRI tracer method and analyze the influencing effect of extracellular matrix ( ECM) on the diffusion process.Methods Introducing adolinium-diethylene triaminepentaacetic acid ( Gd-DTPA) into extracellular space ( ECS) as a tracer.The diffusion parameters and half-life time were quantified according to mathematical model of diffusion.The main ECM components ( e.g. chordroitin sulfate proteoglycans ( CSPGs ) , collagen IV tenascin C ) were detected by immunohistochemical and immunoblot analysis.Results Gd-DTPA introduced into 20-day glioma in the rats diffused more slowly [(6.67 ±1.78) ×10 -5 mm2/s vs.(1.26 ±0.27) ×10-4 mm2/s; t =4.265; P<0.01)], deriving a larger tortuosity [(3.99 ±0.57) vs.(2.83 ±0.29);t=4.11;P<0.01)], localized within the tumor with a smaller clearance rate [(7.67 ±2.29) ×10 -5mm2/s)vs.(1.46 ±0.36) ×10 -4mm2/s);t=3.87;P<0.05), and a longer half-life time ((0.86 ±0.23 h)vs.(1.64 ±0.12 h);(t=5.91;p<0.01)] compared with 10-day gliomas in the rats.The increased levels of extracellular matrix of glioma were associated with different diffusion and clearance parameters of 20-day gliomas in the rats in comparision with those in the 10-day rat gliomas, in which the chordroitin sulfate proteoglycans[(0.48 ±0.07) vs.(0.32 ±0.09);t=4.663;P<0.01)], tenascin C [(0.29 ±0.04) vs.(0.58 ±0.11);t =6.50;P<0.01] and collagen IV [(0.24 ±0.07)vs.(0.33 ±0.06);t=3.81;P<0.05] were tested.Conclusions The ECS parameters are changed with the C6 glioma progression due to the increased ECM content.The results of our study may help us to better understanding the glioma micro-environment and provide beneficial references for the brain interstitial drug delivery to treat gliomas.

To investigate the different reconstitutional profiles for acquired(CD4+ T cell)and innate(NK cell,γδT lymphocyte)immunity after highly active antiretroviral therapy(HAART).Methods The CD4+ CD4+,CD3+ CD4- CD8-,CD3- CD16/CD56+,CD4+ CD45 RA+ CD62 L+ and CD4+ CD45 RA- subsets were measured by flow cytometry.The dynamic changes of these subsets after HAART initiation were assessed in 59 patients who were followed for 12 months in resular 3-month visits.Results At baseline the cell counts of CD4+ T cells including its na(I)ve and memory subsets,NK cell and γδT cells in HIV/AIDS patients were all significantly lower than those of healthy individuals.There was a decrease of 2.33 lg copies/ml in HIV-1 RNA from baseline noted 1 month after initiation of treatment which was sustained through 12 months.CD4+ T cell count showed a bi-phase increase during treatment.The first rapid increase was mainly memory CD4+T cells and this followed by the second slow but steady increase of na(I)ve CD4+ T cells.Increases in NK cell and γδT cell were noted at 3 months of HAART and this restoration were different quantitatively when compared with the oge in CD4+ T cells.Conclusion HAART could induce a different quantitative restorational patterns in peripheral CD4+ T cells,NK cells and γδT cells.

Objective To study the profile of peripheral natural killer cells(NK cells)and γδT lymphocytes in human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)infected patients with different disease status and to explore the pathogenesis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome(AIDS).Methods Three hundred and eleven HIV/AIDS patients without antiviral treatment were enrolled in this study.The percentages and absolute numbers of CD4+T lymphocytes,NK cells,and γδT ceils were measured by flow cytometry.The patients were divided into 3 groups based to their CD4+T lymphocytes counts:low CD4+T lymphocytes group(L),patients with CD4+T lymphocytes <0.20×109L;middle CD4+T lymphocytes group(M),CD4+T lymphocytes counts between 0.20×109and 0.35×109L;high CD4+T lymphocytes group(H),patients with CD4+T lymphocytes counts >0.35×109L.Rank sum test of independent samples of two-group and multiple-group was performed using Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test.Correlation analysis was done by Spearman and Pearson test. Results The median percentage and cell counts of NK cells(8.4%,103×106L) and γδT cells(3.4%,41×106L)in HIV/AIDS patients were all significantly lower than those of healthy individuals(Z=-5.029,Z=-7.723,Z=-2.437,Z=-6.063;all P<0.01).The median cell counts of CD4+T lymphocytes in L,M,H groups were 0.062×109L,0.276×109L and 0.482×109L,respectively.The median cell counts of NK cells in these 3 groups were 89×106L,97×106L and 146×106L,respectively.NK cell counts were not significantly different between L and M groups,whereas both of them were much lower than that of H group(Z=-3.392,P=-0.001,Z=-4.849,P<0.01,respectively).The median γδT cell counts of L,M and H group were 29×106L,43×106L and 59×106L,respectively.The differences between any 2 groups were not significant.Conclusion These data suggest that the decreasing levels of peripheral NK cells and γδT cells are different after HIV infection.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of primary HIV-1 genotype drug-resistance and viral subtype from 237 treatment-naive patients in China.nethods CD4+ T cell counts,plasma HIV-1 viral load and HIV-1 gene sequencing in total 237 treatment-naive patients enrolled from 20 provinces/regions were detected for the evaluation of primary HIV genotypic drug-resistance.Results The survey of 237 treatment-naive patients from muhicenter areas including Henan Province,Yunan Province,and Shanghai showed that 9 subtypes of HIV-1 strains were finally identified.Most of patients were infected before 2003.Only 3 cases had genotypic mutations associated resistance to antiretroviral drugs,with high resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors(NRTIs),moderate resistance to protease inhibitors(PIs)and high resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors(NNRTIs).respectively.The prevalence of primary genotypic drug resistance was 1.3%(3/237)in this study.Conclusions The rate of HIV-1 primary genotypic drug-resistance is still relatively low in treatment-naive HIV/AIDS patients while 9 subtypes of HIV-1 strain was diseovered.

Objective To understand the prevalence and influential factors of allergic diseases among infants aged 6-24 months in Enshi prefecture to provide the basis for the prevention of the allergic disease in infants and young children .Methods 1 724 in-fants were extracted by using multi-stage stratified cluster sampling and the data including the demographic characteristics ,family condition ,caregiver condition and behavior ,and allergic disease information were collected by the questionnaire survey .The multiva-riate Logistic regression analysis was performed to analyze the influential factors of allergic diseases .Results Among the investiga-ted infants and young children ,the prevalence of allergic diseases was 11 .83% ,which was dominated by eczema with the prevalence of 7 .54% ,followed by allergic asthma (1 .97% ) .The univariate Logistic regression analysis showed that allergic diseases were as-sociated with the nationality (χ2 =17 .865 ,P=0 .000) ,month age(χ2 =9 .420 ,P=0 .009) ,feeding patterns(χ2 =6 .304 ,P=0 .043) and ,time for adding solid food(χ2 =12 .695 ,P=0 .002) and family income(χ2 =9 .259 ,P =0 .010) .The multivariate Logistic re-gression analysis showed that the ethnic minority [OR95% CI:1 .86(1 .27~2 .73) ,P=0 .001]and artificial feeding [OR95% CI:1 .17 (1 .01~2 .82) ,P=0 .045]had the higher risk for suffering from allergic diseases ,the month age between 18 to 24 months[OR95%CI:0 .57(0 .39~0 .84) ,P=0 .005]and the family income>30 000 yuan each year [OR95% CI:0 .64(0 .43~0 .96) ,P=0 .030]were negatively correlated with the allergic diseases in infants and young children .Conclusion The prevalence of allergic diseases among infants and young children aged 6-24 months in Enshi prefecture is relatively higher and the infants of ethnic minority ,low month age ,artificial feeding and lower family income have the higher risk of allergic diseases .