Based on variation of Pinus massoniana families, heritablility and correlation analysis, the contents of shikimic acid and procyanidine (heritability 0.90, 0.70), dry weight of single branch (heritability 0.60) and and leaf length (heritability 0.46) were screened out as quality, yield and harvest cost traits of Folium Pini, respectively. For the different medicinal application of Folium Pini, varied methods were chosen to estimate weight and construct index equation. Weight adjustment based.on equal emphasis were used as economic weight determining method to select the best families, and the index (accuracy 0. 936 4 and heritability 0. 881 6) obtained was a little better than that obtained by equal emphasis, and much better than that by restricted index. The superior families selected with adjustment weight and equal emphasis were No. 46, 43 and 28. Partial regression were used as economic weight determining method to select the best families,and the index obtained had the highest accuracy (0.941 5) , index heritability (0. 889 9) and the genetic gain of shikimic acid content. The superior families selected with this method were No. 46, 27 and 47. No. 46 was the best families with maximal economic benefit. Our study indicated that suitable method for estimate weight and construct index equation can be applied for better accuracy of superior families selection of P. massoniana.
Breeding ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; Pinus ; chemistry ; classification ; genetics ; growth & development ; Plant Leaves ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; classification ; genetics ; growth & development

OBJECTIVETo describe the costs of medical care and utilization of health service of patients with HIV/AIDS.

METHODSPatients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS treated in the Beijing You'an Hospital were interviewed retrospectively during December 1999. Data on demographic characteristics, disease process, and utilization of health service and costs of hospital-based medical care were collected.

RESULTSA total number of 29 patients with HIV/AIDS were interviewed, including 17 (58.62%) asymptomatic HIV infections and 12 AIDS patients. Asymptomatic HIV infections had a mean of 6 outpatient visits, 1.3 hospitalizations and 58.6 inpatient hospital days per person-year. AIDS patients made, on average, 7.8 outpatient visits, 2.1 hospitalizations and 200.2 inpatient hospital days per person-year. The outpatient and inpatient medical costs were 13,729 RMB and 4,745 RMB for asymptomatic HIV infections, and 15,053 RMB and 22,242 RMB for AIDS patients per person-year respectively. For those who took both outpatient and inpatient medical care, the medical care costs, including costs of outpatient care and those of inpatient care, were 16,248 RMB for asymptomatic HIV infections and 36,795 RMB for AIDS patients.

CONCLUSIONDemands for health services and costs for medical care were high among patients with HIV/AIDS. Further study on utilization of health services and cost of medical care for patient with HIV/AIDS in a wider geographic coverage are needed.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; economics ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; China ; Female ; HIV Infections ; economics ; HIV-1 ; Health Care Costs ; Health Services ; economics ; utilization ; Hospital Charges ; Hospitalization ; economics ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies

Objective To understand the demographic and HIV risk behaviors, HIV and syphilis infection among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Langfang, Hebei. Methods 106 completed questionnaires were collected from 118 participants, who were recruited from MSM pubs and internet from October to November, 2007. Data on homosexual and heterosexual relationships as well as sexual behaviors were collected by face-to-face interview. Blood specimen were collected to determine HIV/syphilis serostatus. Results Age, marital status and occupation were statistically different (P＜0.05 ) among MSM subgroups enrolled through different recruitment methods. Almost 90.0% of the MSMs identified their sexual orientation, 82.1% MSMs had sexual contacts with men, 50.4% MSMs maintained sexual relationship with women. The exposures of sexual contacts were anal intercourse (87.7%), blow job (58.5%), rimming (32.1%), fist fucking (15.1%), group sex (8.5%) etc. As for the awareness of risk for HIV infection, only 31.1% of the participants were beware of their risk of HIV infection they had been facing while 23.6% of them had ever received HIV testings. The prevalence rates of HIV and syphilis antibody positive among the 84 MSMs in this program were 4.8% and 22.6% respectively. Conclusion MSMs were lack of HIV/STI awareness on their risks and having a high prevalence of HIV and syphilis.Specific HIV/STI intervention should be carried out in this population urgently.

objective To explore the relationship of migration and oxidative DNA damage by comparative study of oxidative DNA damage effects on people with difierent years of migration among Xinjiang Hasake ethnecity in Shenzhen.Methods Sixty Hasake residents in Shenzhen were selected,and were divided into three groups(n=20)according to the years of migration.Major changes of their life style were investigated.8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine(8-OH-dG)levels in urine were analyzed,and comet assay of peripheral blood lymphocytes conducted.Results When comparing with the group having a shorter than 1 year of stay,a significant decrease of oliveive tail moment and tail/head length in comet assay in the＞3 years group(P＜0.05)was observed 8-OH-dG level decreased significantly in 1-3 years group (P＜0.05)and＞3 years group(P＜0.01).Conclusion Our results suggested that life style changes which related to migration might reduce DNA damage in Hasake nationalities.

OBJECTIVETo understand the types of, reasons for and sources of stigma and discrimination in a rural community where the majority of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) are former plasma donors (FPDs).

METHODSEighty local residents, including 20 HIV-positive villagers, 20 family members, 20 villagers from non-HIV-positive households and 20 health workers, were selected as study subjects by using purposive sampling method in rural areas of Anhui Province. Face-to-face interviews and focus group discussions were held to collect information on HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination and its contributing factors.

RESULTSOf the 80 study subjects, 1 didn't finish the survey. Of the 79 subjects who finished the survey, the main forms of stigma and discrimination were expanded stigma [81.0% (64/79)], abandonment and avoidance, stigma and discrimination in healthcare setting [47.4% (28/59)], loss of social support [33.3% (13/39)]. The level of stigma was less in village where were more HIV-positive villagers living and vice versa. The reasons for stigma and discrimination included: ignorance or misunderstanding of HIV/AIDS [57.5% (23/40)], fear of HIV/AIDS [32.5% (13/40)] and morality judgment toward PLHA. The majority of HIV positive participants were unwilling to disclose their positive status to others in order to protect their family members and children.

CONCLUSIONIgnorance and misunderstanding of HIV/AIDS were main contributing factors to HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination and it is very important to implement appropriate intervention programs to reduce stigma and discrimination.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Blood Donors ; Female ; HIV Infections ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prejudice ; Rural Population ; Young Adult

To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of childhood type 1 diabetes mellitus in China, newly diagnosed cases of type 1 diabetes with an onset age under 15 years were retrospectively registered by 23 local centers in China following a standardized protocal on the basis of the nationwide registry established by the WHO DiaMond Project China Participating Center, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine (CAPM). A population of about 24 million children were covered in the defined areas . A two-sample capture-recapture method was used to estimate case ascertainment. Between 1988 and 1996, 903 diabetic cases were registered in 9 ethnic groups. The overall ascertainment corrected incidence rate (IR) was 0.59 per 100 000 person-year. The IR was 0.52/100,000（95%CI：0.50～0.54）for males and 0.66/100,000（95%CI：0.64～0.68）for females. The standardized ascertainment corrected IR by the national age-specific population in 1990 was 0.57 per 100,000 person-year. The incidence among various ethnic groups ranged from 0.25/100,000 to 3.06/100,000. The IRs increased with northern latitude, and the IR of Han population was significantly higher in North China compared with South China (0.67 versus 0.53 per 100,000 respectively, P<0.01). A correlation model of incidence and calendar time showed that the IR increased significantly between 1988 and 1996 (r=0.86, P=0.0027). The relative risk (RR) of type 1 diabetes mellitus for different age-groups estimated by a Poisson regression model showed that taking RR as 1.00 for age-group from 0 to 4 years, the RR for age-group from 5 to 9 year and from 10 to 14 year was 2.30 and 3.60 respectively. The standardized ascertainment corrected IR of childhood type 1 diabetes mellitus in China is much lower than in other countries. The geographic and ethnic variability of the incidence suggests that both genetic and environmental factors play a role in the development of childhood diabetes in China.