Based on variation of Pinus massoniana families, heritablility and correlation analysis, the contents of shikimic acid and procyanidine (heritability 0.90, 0.70), dry weight of single branch (heritability 0.60) and and leaf length (heritability 0.46) were screened out as quality, yield and harvest cost traits of Folium Pini, respectively. For the different medicinal application of Folium Pini, varied methods were chosen to estimate weight and construct index equation. Weight adjustment based.on equal emphasis were used as economic weight determining method to select the best families, and the index (accuracy 0. 936 4 and heritability 0. 881 6) obtained was a little better than that obtained by equal emphasis, and much better than that by restricted index. The superior families selected with adjustment weight and equal emphasis were No. 46, 43 and 28. Partial regression were used as economic weight determining method to select the best families,and the index obtained had the highest accuracy (0.941 5) , index heritability (0. 889 9) and the genetic gain of shikimic acid content. The superior families selected with this method were No. 46, 27 and 47. No. 46 was the best families with maximal economic benefit. Our study indicated that suitable method for estimate weight and construct index equation can be applied for better accuracy of superior families selection of P. massoniana.
Breeding ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; Pinus ; chemistry ; classification ; genetics ; growth & development ; Plant Leaves ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; classification ; genetics ; growth & development

Objectives To analyze the fatality and causes of death related to comprehensive prevention and care programs among HIV-infected patients in Dehong prefecture of Yunnan province,from 1989 to 2010. Methods Data on HIV/AIDS death cases in Dehong prefecture were extracted from the "Chinese National Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Prevention and Care Information System" and were analyzed. Results From 1989 to the end of 2010,a total of 13 493 HIV/AIDS cases registered as local residents or currently living m Dehong, had been reported. Among them, 8569 were reported as HIV cases with 2036 deaths and the other 4924 were reported as AIDS cases with 2251 deaths. A few of the cases had survived for 15-20 years. By the end of 2010, the number of deaths was higher than the number of survivors among HIV/AIDS cases reported before 2004, whereas the number of survivors was higher than the number of deaths among HIV/AIDS cases reported in 2004 and there after. During the twenty years' period,the proportion of reported HIV/AIDS cases died in the same year showed a secular trend of being low-highest-low, rising up to ＞ 10.0％ in 200 1, peaking at 18.9％in 2003 and then continuously going down to 5.8％ in 2010. The proportion of HIV/AIDS cases who survived at the beginning but died later in the year was going down since 2007. The proportion of HIV/ AIDS deaths died directly from AIDS was increasing whereas the proportion of HIV/AIDS deaths dying directly from overuse of drugs was decreasing in the recent years. Among HIV/AIDS deaths, the proportion of ever received CD4 + T-cell testing and the proportion of ever having received antiretroviral treatment were also increasing in the past years, reaching to 89.9％ and 25.5％ in 2010,respectively. Conclusion The case fatality of HIV/AIDS was decreasing in the past years in Dehong prefecture. More efforts were needed to scale up the CD4 + T-cell count testing and antiretroviral treatment in order to further reduce both morbidity and mortality among HIV/AIDS patients in Dehong prefecture. It is critical to improve surveillance program on HIV/AIDS deaths in the rural

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of needle and syringe exchange program among a community of injecting drug users (IDUs) on AIDS prevention.

METHODSA quasi-experiment design was used in a controlled community intervention study. Needle and syringe exchange program was implemented for 10 months in IDUs of an intervention community, including peer education and health education, provision of free needles and syringes, and collecting back of used needles and syringes by trained peer educators and local health workers, whereas no intervention measure in a control community was instituted. Interviews with IDUs were conducted before and after intervention with a snowballing strategy to evaluate its effectiveness.

RESULTSA total of 428 and 429 IDUs were interviewed with structured questionnaire before and after intervention in intervention and control communities, respectively. Results revealed that awareness of HIV-related knowledge increased from 29.4% to 58.7% in the intervention community. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that awareness of HIV-related knowledge was higher in those who had read health education materials (OR = 2.93, 95% CI 2.12 - 4.04). As compared with the baseline data, frequency of sharing needles and syringes in past 30 days in the intervention community decreased from 48.9% to 20.4% in before intervention community (chi(2) = 41.02, P = 0.001), whereas there was no significant change in the control community. The causes of sharing needles and syringes in the intervention community included 'disable to get needle and syringe during the night', 'lack of needle and syringe when injecting at friend's home', 'not daring to buy needle and syringe for fear of being arrested' and 'no money to buy needle and syringe', declined markedly.

CONCLUSIONSNeedle and syringe exchange program was feasible and effective in reducing their risky drug injecting behavior among IDUs in communities. Such strategy should be adopted in the country to reduce rapid spread of HIV.

Adult ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; HIV Infections ; prevention & control ; transmission ; Health Education ; Humans ; Male ; Needle Sharing ; adverse effects ; statistics & numerical data ; Needle-Exchange Programs ; economics ; organization & administration ; Pilot Projects ; Program Evaluation ; Substance Abuse, Intravenous ; complications ; epidemiology

p-Nitrophenylphosphate (PNPP) is usually employed as the substrate for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. p-Nitrophenol (PNP), the product of PNPP, with the catalyst alkaline phosphatase (ALP), will passivate an electrode, which limits applications in electrochemical analysis. A novel anti-passivation ink used in the preparation of a graphene/ionic liquid/chitosan composited (rGO/IL/Chi) electrode is proposed to solve the problem. The anti-passivation electrode was fabricated by directly writing the graphene-ionic liquid-chitosan composite on a single-side conductive gold strip. A glassy carbon electrode, a screen-printed electrode, and a graphene-chitosan composite-modified screen-printed electrode were investigated for comparison. Scanning electron microscopy was used to characterize the surface structure of the four different electrodes and cyclic voltammetry was carried out to compare their performance. The results showed that the rGO/IL/Chi electrode had the best performance according to its low peak potential and large peak current. Amperometric responses of the different electrodes to PNP proved that only the rGO/IL/Chi electrode was capable of anti-passivation. The detection of cardiac troponin I was used as a test example for electrochemical immunoassay. Differential pulse voltammetry was performed to detect cardiac troponin I and obtain a calibration curve. The limit of detection was 0.05 ng/ml.
Electrochemical Techniques/methods* ; Electrodes ; Graphite ; Immunoassay/methods* ; Ink ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Troponin I/blood*