Purpose: To determine: (i) the mammographic parenchymal patterns in Malaysian women and whether the breasts are dense on mammogram; (ii) the effect of age on breast density; (iii) the effect of parity on breast density; (iv) the difference in breast parenchymal patterns among the major races of women in Malaysia. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study of 1,784 patients (981 Malays, 571 Chinese, 214 Indians and 18 others) who had undergone mammography during the 1-year study period. Majority of women (41.7%) were aged between 51 and 60 years and majority (43%) had 3–4 children. The Tabar classification (Pattern I - V) was used to evaluate breast parenchymal patterns on mammogram. Tabar Pattern I was further divided into 3 sub-groups (Pattern IA, IB, and IC). The different patterns were then grouped into dense (IB, IC, IV, V) and not dense (IA, II, III) breasts. The SPSS package was used for statistical analysis. Results: Majority (59%) of Malaysian women had dense breasts (Pattern IB 29%, IC 20%, IV 5%, and V 5%) and 41% did not have dense breasts (Pattern IA 28%, II 6%, and III 7%). Age and parity were inversely related to breast density (p < 0.0001). Chinese women (65.7%) had the highest percentage of dense breasts (p = 0.69, odds ratio = 1.22), followed by the Indians (57.2%) and the Malays (50.5%). Conclusion: Majority of women had dense breasts but Pattern IV, which has been associated with increased risk of breast cancer, was seen in only 5% of the women. The breast density reduced steadily with increasing age and parity. There was no statistically significant difference in breast density in the three main races.

Aim: This study was performed to: (i) determine the association of breast cancer with dense breasts, and (ii) determine the breast cancer association with early onset of menarche, nulliparity, late age at first childbirth, not breast-feeding, and family history of breast cancer. Methods: This was a retrospective hospital-based case-control study. The 231 cases were women diagnosed with breast cancer on histology during the study period from July 1998 to April 2005. The 231 controls were age-matched and randomly selected women who did not have breast cancer but had mammography performed during the same time interval. Tabar classification was used to classify the mammographic parenchymal pattern of the 462 samples. The same radiologist analysed the parenchymal pattern based on the craniocaudal and mediolateral oblique views. Statistical analysis was done using the SPSS package. Results: Majority of women with breast cancer (55%) had dense breasts (29% Type IB, 19% Type IC, 4% Type IV, 3% Type V). Majority of controls (58%) had dense breasts (22% Type IB, 26% Type IC, 6% Type IV, 4% Type V). The majority of women with breast cancer had menarche at 12 years or older (93%), were parous (89%), had the first childbirth before 35 years old (91%), had breast-fed (67%), and did not have family history of breast cancer (84%). For controls, the majority had menarche at 12 years or older (88%) were parous (87%), had the first childbirth before 35 years old (98%), had breast-fed (66%), and did not have family history of breast cancer (85%). All factors explored, including breast density, were not significantly associated with breast cancer. The odds ratio for breast cancer among those with dense breast compared to those with non-dense breast is 0.8 (95% CI=0.6, 1.2). Conclusion: This study found no association between breast cancer and dense breasts (p=0.398). There was also no association between breast cancer with early onset of menarche (p=0.174), nulliparity (p=0.448), older age at first childbirth (p=0.065), not breast-feeding (p=0.716) and family history of breast cancer (p=0.665).

Purpose: To compare echocontrast cystosonography (ECS) using in-vivo agitated saline with fluoroscopic micturating cystourethrography (MCU) in the detection and grading of vesicoureteric reflux (VUR). Materials and methods: This was a prospective study of 25 children, who had MCU between 2007 and 2009. ECS was performed and findings documented prior to MCU. Baseline renal and bladder sonograms were obtained. The bladder was filled with normal saline followed by introduction of 10–20 mls of air to generate microbubbles. Detection of VUR was based on two sonographic criteria: (1) presence of microbubbles in the pelvicaliceal system (PCS), and (2) increase in dilatation of the PCS. VUR was graded as (1) Grade I: microbubbles seen in ureter only; (2) Grade II: microbubbles seen in non-dilated PCS; and (3) Grade III-V: microbubbles seen in dilated PCS. The ECS findings were compared using MCU as the gold standard. Results: Of the 50 kidney-ureter (K-U) units studied, ECS detected 9 of 10 K-U units with VUR on MCU. ECS did not detect a Grade II VUR. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for criterion 1 was 90%, 87.5%, 88%, 64.3% and 97%, respectively, compared to criterion 2 which was 70%, 90%, 86%, 64% and 92%, respectively. The grading of VUR was similar on both ECS and MCU except for one case. Conclusion: ECS using agitated saline was a sensitive technique for the detection of VUR. ECS grading was comparable with MCU grading of VUR.

Objectives: This review was aimed at determining the imaging findings in patients with precocious puberty. Results: Within a period of 8 years (from 2002 to 2010) there were 53 patients diagnosed with precocious puberty. Out of the 53 patients, 37 had undergone diagnostic imaging to detect the possible organic causes of precocious puberty. Imaging findings were positive in 31 patients and out of that, 3 patients had 2 findings each (34 abnormalities). Of the patients with positive imaging findings, central precocious puberty (gonadotrophin-dependent) was more common (81%; 25/31) and the causes included: tuber cinereum hamartoma (n = 10), glioma (n = 6), pineal gland tumour (n = 4), hydrocephalous (n = 3), arachnoid cyst (n = 2) and others (n = 3). Peripheral precocious puberty (gonadotrophin-independent) causes included: testicular adrenal rest tumour (n = 3), adrenal carcinoma (n = 1), ovarian granulosa thecal cell tumour (n = 1), and tuberous sclerosis (n = 1). Conclusion: Positive imaging findings were observed in 84% (31/37) of the subjects. Hypothalamic hamartoma was the most common imaging finding in central precocious puberty while testicular adrenal rest tumour was the most common imaging finding in peripheral precocious puberty