Objective To establish a method for the determination of molecular weight of meningococcal polysaccharide and polysaccharide-protein conjugates by size exclusion chromatography-multiangle laser-light scattering(SEC-MALLS), and to verify and apply the method, so as to improve the quality control level of meningococcal vaccines.Methods A SEC-MALLS method was established to detect the molecular weight of polysaccharide and polysaccharide-protein conjugates of meningococcus. The chromatographic conditions were as follows: 0. 9% sodium chloride solution as the mobile phase; Shodex OHpak LB-806 HQ(300 mm × 8. 0 mm, 13 μm) as the column; the flow rate at 0. 5 mL/min; the column temperature at 35 ℃. The systematic applicability, accuracy, precision and durability of the method were verified, and the samples from different manufacturers were detected by this method. In addition, the correlation between SEC-MALLS and the existing pharmacopoeia quality standard methods was analyzed.Results Except for STD P-100, the relative error and precision between the measured and marked values of weight-average molecular weight(Mw) of STD P-50 to STD P-800 were less than 5. 0%, indicating that the pullulan standard could be used as the systematic adaptive sample. The RSDs of reproducibility and intermediate precision were not more than 5. 0%. The polysaccharide and polysaccharide-protein conjugates had good stability within 48 h after preparation. The average Mw of polysaccharides from group A, C, Y and W135 were 257. 5, 377. 3, 399. 7and 305. 5 kDa, while the polysaccharide-protein conjugates of group A and group C were 6 438 and 23 360 kDa, respectively. Among the 71 batches of polysaccharide samples, the results of group A and group C in five batches exceeded the trend, and the inner-and inter-batch differences of other batches were within the range of mean ± 3 SD. Except the KDvalue of polysaccharide in group Y had a certain negative correlation with Mw, there was no significant correlation between the two methods in the remaining polysaccharide and polysaccharide-protein conjugates.Conclusion SEC-MALLS can directly determine the molecular weight of polysaccharide and polysaccharide-protein conjugates of meningococcal vaccine with the advantages of fast, accurate and simple operation, and can reflect the molecular structure information to a certain extent,which is conducive to improve the quality control of this key quality parameter.

This paper gives a general introduction of HIV/AIDS treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) in China during the past 20 years. Although the role of TCM in treatment of HIV/AIDS is promising, there is still a long way to go.

Objective To explore the clinical and molecular-genetic features and prognosis of mitochondrial encephalopathy in children. Methods A total of 11 patients diagnosed with mitochondrial encephalopathy were collected from 2008 to 2013 in Chinese PLA General Hospital, Department of Pediatrics. The clinical manifestations, laboratory tests, muscle pathology and mitochondrial gene sequencing in patients were analyzed and followed-up. Results The onset age of the patients ranged from 6 months to 12 years with the duration of disease from 2 months to 3 years. Of the 11 patients, 6 cases were diagnosed with mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS), 5 cases with mitochondrial disorder induced by mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme deifciency. Main manifestations included convulsions, vomiting, headache, mental retardation, paralysis, etc. 10 patients had elevated lactate, and 7 patients had elevated pyruvate;6 cases showed increased slow wave in EEG background;Cranial MRI showed the damage involved in bilateral basal ganglia in 2 cases, temporal and occipital lobes in 3 cases, , multiple lesions in 2 cases, frontal and parietal occipital lobes in one patient and hypothalamus in one patient;3 patients were underwent MRA examination, 2 cases were normal, the other showed less shunts in contralateral left artery in the brain;3 cases who underwent MRS showed lactate peak. 2 cases of children underwent skeletal muscle biopsy, and one case showed abnormal mitochondria accumulation. Mitochondrial respiratory chain complex (I~V) defects test showed complex IV defects in 2 cases, complex V defects in 1 case, and combined defects of complex I+III in 2 case. 5 cases were found with mitochondrial DNA mutations in different sites of white blood cells including T8993G, T8993C, A3243G and 11,777 mutations. Conclusions Clinical manifestation of mitochondrial encephalopathy in children is strongly heterogeneous. Laboratory tests, brain imaging, gene mutation and respiratory chain enzyme examination can help to make early diagnosis and treatment. These diseases have poor prognosis.

Objective To evaluate the clinical outcomes of open reduction and locking plate fixation with or without auto-iliac graft for humeral shaft nonunion.Methods Between January 2008 and May 2012,65 cases of humeral shaft nonunion were treated in our department.They were 48 men and 17 women,24 to 54 years of age (39.8 years).Of them,43 were atrophic and 22 hypertrophic.The radial nerve was exposed and protected during operation.After the nonunion portion was debrided,the humeral length was recovered.Next the fracture sites were fixated by a locking plate.The defected area was filled with auto-iliac graft if necessary.The visual analogue scale (VAS) scores and The Short Form-36 (SF-36) scores were documented after operation; the functional recovery was evaluated using Constant scoring at the last follow-up.Results The patients obtained a mean follow-up of 13.8 months (from 10 to 32 months).Of them,50 achieved clinical bone union after an average of 3.8 months (from 3 to 7 months).The remaining 6 cases showed no sign of union 9 months postoperatively.Of the 50 patients with union,the mean VAS score was decreased significantly from the preoperative 5.1 ± 3.2 points to the postoperative 1.4 ± 0.8 points,and the mean SF-36 score was increased significantly from the preoperative 45.7 ± 16.9 points to the postoperative 72.9 ± 18.5 points (P ＜ 0.05).The function was scored at the last follow-up as excellent in 34 cases,good in 12,fair in 2 and poor in 2,giving an excellent to good rate of 92.0％.The radical nerve injury was repaired within 3 months postoperation in 3 patients.Rotation deformity occurred in 3 cases without obvious functional limitation.No implant complications such as plate breakage and screw loosening were observed.Conclusion Open reduction and locking plate fixation with or without auto-iliac graft is one effective treatment of humeral shaft nonunion,but damage to the radial nerve should be avoided and fixation of 6 layers of cortex should be maintained at both fracture ends during operation

ObjectiveTo analyze complications following the treatment of peri-knee fracture or nonunion by locking plates.Methods From January 2005 to May 2009, we used internal fixation with a locking plate to treat 106 closed peri-knee fractures in 97 patients (46 distal femoral fractures and 60 proximal tibia fractures). There were 85 cases of fresh fracture and 21 cases of nonunion. They were 62 males and 35 females, with an average of 34.8 years (from 18 to 54 years). The patients were followed up monthly for The Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) scores and complications. Analyses were done to find associations between complications and gender,injury cause,injury type,facture type and operation time. ResultsThe follow-ups averaged 23.8 months (from 10 to 32 months ). The 46 distal femoral fractures obtained an average HSS score of 83.4 points one year after operation and had a complication rate of 32.6 ％ ( 15 cases); the 60 proximal tibia fractures obtained an average HSS score of 86. 4 points one year after operation and had a complication rate of 16.7 ％ (10 cases). There were no significant associations between complication rate and gender, injury cause, injury type and fracture type ( P ＞ 0. 05). There was a significant association between complication rate and operation time(x2 = 5.440, P = 0. 015).Conclusions Although locking plates are a new and effective treatment for peri-knee fracture or nonunion, they still have drawbacks. Indications should be strictly followed and care should be taken to avoid postoperative complications as much as possible.

OBJECTIVE: To establish a RP-HPLC method for the determination of preservative ethylparaben content in hospital preparation.METHODS: The determination was carried out on Spherisorb C18 column and the mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-water(50∶50,V/V) at a flow rate of 1 mL?min-1.The column temperature was set at 35 ℃;the detection wavelength was set at 254 nm and the sample size was 20 ?L.RESULTS: The linear range of ethylparaben was 1.812 5～18.125 0 ?g?mL-1(r=0.999 9) with an average recovery rate of 99.92%.The intra-day RSD was less than 2.10% and inter-day RSD was less than 4.89%.CONCLUSION: The method is simple,rapid and accurate,and applicable for the determination of ethylparaben content in hospital preparation.

Fabry disease is an inherited metabolic disease, resulting from a deficiency of the enzyme a-galactosidase A activity. Principal clinical manifestation of Fabry disease was limb pain episodes, angioceratoma, and progressive damage of heart,brain, kidney. Although Fabry disease cannot be cured at present,early diagnosis and enzyme replacement therapy can change the prognosis completely.

Objective To investigate the effect of absorbable membrane on prevention of tendon adhesion after the ruptured tendon is repaired. Methods In our experiment, 30 12-weeks-old Leghorn cocks were divided into 2 groups randomly. Group A was the blank group, and Group B was the absorbable membrane group. Each group had 15 cocks. The flexor tendon of third phalanx was made ruptured. After repairing, histological observation, failure mode test and functional recovery test were performed regularly. Results In Group B, there was little adhesion between tendon and normal tissue under gross observation. There was no significant tissue necrosis or scar tissue under microscope. There was no difference in the failure mode test between the 2 groups 6 weeks after repairing. The functions of movement of interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints in group B were better than those in group A. Conclusion The absorbable membrane can be a kind of material or method used to prevent tendon adhesion.

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) disorders have a close relationship with autoimmune disease,tuberous sclerosis (TfSC),cancer,obesity and senescence.mTOR inhibitors are wildly used in pediatric renal transplantation and TSC.Growth is an important indicator of children health and safety evaluation of pediatric drugs must include impact on growth.No evidence showed mTOR inhibitors had side effect on growth in children.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of an anti obese agent, sibutramine, on plasma neuropeptide Y(NPY) levels in patients with overweight and simple obesity. 32 patients with overweight and simple obesity were assigned randomly to sibutramine group (group A) or placebo group (group B). Double blind rule was observed in the study. 16 healthy subjects served as control group (group C). Before and after six months of treatment, plasma NPY and serum insulin levels of patients in both groups were measured with radioimmunoassay (RIA). The results showed that fasting plasma NPY levels were higher in obese group than in control group before treatment .No significant difference was found between plasma NPY levels before and after the treatment with sibutramine. The study revealed that patients with overweight and simple obesity had elevated levels of plasma NPY. Sibutramine did not exert any influence on plasma NPY levels in these patients.