Dermatitis and eczema are allergic relapsing inflammatory skin disorders. The precise mechanisms still are unclear. Experimental animal models are indispensable tools to study the pathogenic mechanisms and test novel therapy. A considerable number of mouse models have been proposed and used to study specific aspects of the disease. This paper summarizes the currently available animal models.

Objective To screen the sequence of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) genes in children with dys-chondroplasia and their family members for searching the mutations. Methods The sequence of exon 10 and exon 13 in muta-tion hot spot region of FGFR3 gene in seven families was analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequenc-ing technology. Results The c.1138G>A missense mutation in exon 10 was found in 4 probands who were diagnosed as achon-droplasia (ACH), while this mutation was absent in their parents. The c.1620C>A missense mutation in exon 13 was found in one girl and her mother who both were diagnosed as hypochondroplasia (HCH) with mild symptoms. Neither mutation men-tioned above was found in the other two probands. Conclusions Through detecting the mutation in exon 10, exon 13 of FGFR3 gene, most patients of ACH or HCH can be finally diagnosed. However, it is necessary to perform the mutation screening on the other zones of FGFR3 gene and on other related genes for a few cases.

Objective To investigate the levels of cancer related fatigue (CRF) and the correlations between CRF and serum inflammatory factors and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in patients with gastrointestinal cancer.Methods The CRF level was assessed by brief fatigue inventory (BFI).The level of C-reactive protein (CRP) was measured by immunoturbidimetry, and the level of cortisol was measured by electrochemiluminesence.The levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and norepinephrine (NE) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results The average total score of CRF was 3.15±1.93, and the degree was mild to moderate, which was positively correlated with the CRP (r=0.321, P=0.000), TNF-α (r=0.265, P=0.000), NE (r=0.174, P=0.015) and ACTH (r=0.257, P=0.000), but was not correlated with the cortisol (r=0.033, P=0.652).Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) score (t=8.081, P=0.000), education (t=-4.244, P=0.000), treatment (t=4.563, P=0.000), time from diagnosis to sampling (t=3.453, P=0.001) and CRP (t=2.837, P=0.006) were important factors of CRF.Conclusion The CRF status is common in gastrointestinal cancer patients.The CRF is correlated with the NE and ACTH of HPA axis.Medical staff should pay attention to the inflammatory factors and hormone levels to improve the fatigue status and the quality of patients.

Anti-VEGF therapies have been widely used in the treatment of age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema, retinal vein occlusion with macular edema and other retinal diseases. It have achieved remarkable treatment effect with relatively high safety, but there are still reports of adverse reactions in cardio-cerebral vessels and eyes. There are many methods to measure retinal blood flow. Although the principles of these methods are different, the results are different, and there is no uniform standard, it has been observed that anti-VEGF drugs may cause some changes in retinal vessel diameter, arterial blood flow velocity and blood flow parameters. Especially after multiple injections, the effect may be more obvious.

Carotenoids are secondary metabolite responsible for colored pigments in plants and microbes (Li et al., 2022). They are a class of C₄₀ tetraterpenoids consisting of eight isoprenoid units, and can be classified into carotenes and xanthophylls on the basis of their functional groups (Saini et al., 2015). Carotenes can be linear (phytoene, phytofluene, and ζ‍-carotene) or branched (β‍-carotene and α‍-carotene). Xanthophylls comprise β,β‍-xanthophylls (β‍-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, violaxanthins, and neoxanthin) and β,ε‍-xanthophylls (α-cryptoxanthin, α-carotene, and lutein). Citrus fruits are complex sources of carotenoids, which are the principal pigments responsible for the typical orange color of most types (Chen, 2020). The difference in total carotenoid content and the diversity of carotenoid isomer proportion also accounts for other colors of citrus fruits, such as yellow, red, and pink (Chen, 2020).
Citrus/metabolism* ; Carotenoids ; Xanthophylls ; Lutein/metabolism* ; Zeaxanthins/metabolism* ; Fruit