Objective To determine the effect of inhaling rosemary compound essential oil on learning and memory and the expression of choline acetyl transferase (ChAT) in the CA1 region of the hippocampus in rats with vascular dementia (VD).Methods A modified 2-VO method was used to induce permanent brain hypoperfusion,and thus VD,in 60 male SD rats aged 2 months.They were then randomly divided into a normal control group (n =10),a sham-operation group (n =10),a model group (n =10),a rosemary compound essential oil group (n =10) and an edaravone group (n =10).The rosemary compound essential oil group inhaled a compound of the essential oils of rosemary,eugenol and peppermint once a day; the edaravone group was given a daily injection of edaravone injecta.Both the interventions lasted for 65 days.A water maze was used to test their learning and memory abilities.Morphological damage in the CA1 region of the hippocampus and the expression of ChAT were also observed.Results The learning and memory abilities of the model group were significantly weaker compared with the sham-operated group and the normal controls.The rats in the rosemary compound essential oil and edaravone groups were obviously better than those in the model group,but there was no significant difference between rosemary compound essential oil group and the edaravone group.The morphological damage observed in the hippocampus and striatum of the model group was significantly greater,on average,than that observed in the rosemary compound essential oil group and the edaravone group.The average number of ChAT positive units in the CA1 region of the hippocampus was significantly greater in both the rosemary compound essential oil group and the edaravone group compared with the model group,but there was no significant difference between the rosemary compound essential oil group and the edaravone group.Conclusions Inhaling rosemary compound essential oil can improve the learning and memory abilities of rats with VD caused by permanent chronic brain hypoperfusion.It decreases the damage to the neurons of the hippocampus,increases the expression of ChAT,and shows a therapeutic effect on VD,at least in rats.

Objective To observe the short-term curative effect and safety of recombinant human erythropoietin(rHu-EPO)on patients with primary brain stem injury. Methods Sixty patients with primary brain stem injury were recruited at Liaocheng People' Hospital from July 2010 to July 2013. All cases were randomly divided into EPO group and control group. The patients in EPO group were injected subcutaneous with rHu-EPO five times at dose of 6 000 U,while patients in the control group were treated with placebo in 2 weeks. All other conventional treatments were the same. NIHSS score and GOS score were evaluated in two weeks and three months respectively. Moreover,blood pressure and hemoglobin were also measured. Results NIHSS score in EPO group was 11. 37 ± 7. 78,significant higher than that of control group after two weeks(19. 41 ± 8. 26,P = 0. 019). GOS score in EPO group was also significant differences in two groups after three months (Z = - 2. 367,P = 0. 009 ). However,no significant difference was observed in the followed-up blood tests. Conclusion Recombinant human erythropoietin could be the exact nerve protective effect,and might be an effective therapy for patients with primary brain stem injury.

Objective To observe influence of continuous lumbar cistern drainage on levels of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) subtype (Aβ1-42) in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma in patients with diffuse axonal injury (DAI) and investigate its clinical significance.Methods Eighty-one DAI patients were enrolled and randomized into treatment group (42 cases) and control group (39 cases).Patients in control group received simple conventional therapy,while the patients in treatment group received not only conventional therapy but 14 days of continuous lumbar cistern drainage.Levels of Aβ1-42 in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma were detected by ELISA assay before therapy and at 1,5,9,and 14 days after therapy.Prognosis was assessed using GOS at 6 months after therapy.Results Levels of Aβ1-42 in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma showed a decrease in the first place and a gradual decrease afterwards in both groups,but a bigger and earlier drop of Aβ1-42 levels was observed in treatment group.Two groups showed significant difference of Aβ1-42 levels at day 14 (P ＜ 0.05).At 6 months after therapy,GOS score between treatment and control groups was (4.1 ± O.5) and (3.4 ± 0.3) points respectively (P ＜0.05).Conclusion Continuous lumbar cistern drainage improves the prognosis of DAI and this may relates to the decrease of Aβ1-42 levels in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma.

Objective To observe the curative effect and safety of operation combined with recombinant human erythropoietin on patients with severe intracerebral hemorrhage. Methods Seventy-six surgery patients with severe intracerebral hemorrhage were divided into rHu-EPO group (40 cases) and control group (36 cases) by random digits table method. The rHu-EPO group was injected subcutaneously with rHu-EPO, and the control group was treated with placebo. Neurologic impairment (National Institute of Health Stroke Scale, NIHSS score) and activities of daily living (Barthel index) were evaluated 1 month and 3 months after treatment respectively. Moreover, blood pressure, hemoglobin, and adverse reaction were also observed. Results The scores of NIHSS and Barthel index in two groups before treatment had no significant differences (P>0.05). One month and 3 months after treatment, the scores of NIHSS and Barthel index in rHu-EPO group were significantly better: (12.27±5.26) scores vs. (15.36±4.34) scores and (8.17±2.40) scores vs. (13.90±2.54) scores, (54.36±21.87) scores vs. (43.47±20.29) scores and (69.71±23.08) scores vs. (52.56±21.32) scores, there were statistical differences(P<0.05). There were no statistical differences in systemic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and hemoglobin between 2 groups (P>0.05). There were no apparente adverse reactions such as fever, erythra, itching and deep venous thrombosis in rHu-EPO group. Conclusions Operation combined with recombinant human erythropoietin has nerve protective effect, and might be an effective and safe therapy target in severe intracerebral hemorrhage.

ObjectiveTo explore the short-term curative effect and safety of autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells transplantation in patients with primary brain stem injury.MethodsFifty-four cases with primary brain stem injury were hospitalized during Jul.2007 to Jul.2010 at Liaocheng Brain Hospital,Shandong Province.All cases were randomized into transplantation group( n =30)or control group( n =24 ).The transplantation group was treated with autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation by subarachnoid space injection (n =30).The control group were selected from primary brain stem injury patients without stem cell transplantation who were hospitalized at the same period with patients from the transplantation group.Respectively,National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score was employed to evaluate the condition of patients in the two groups one month after treatment,and Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) score was used to evaluate curative effects of the two groups at sixth months after treatment.Meanwhile,some other parameters were observed,including blood routine,clotting mechanisms,biochemicalitemsand tumor markers.ResultsThere was significant difference between the transplantation group and the control group in N IHSS score at one month after treatment [ ( 10.86 ± 7.48) vs.( 18.26 ± 8.74),t =2.681,P ＜ 0.05 ].GOS score was significantly different( Z =2.306,P ＜ 0.05 ) between the transplantation group and the control group at sixth month after transplantation.There was no significant difference between the two groups in the blood examination results during the followed-up period.Conclusion Autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells transplantation is confirmed to be an effective and safe therapy in patients with primary brain stem injury in the short-term.Further evaluation still needs for its long-term efficacy on primary brain stem injury

Objective To observe changes in relative pituitary hormones after severe traumatic brain injury (STBI) in children and to investigate the short-and long-term effects of mild hypothermia on pituitary function.Methods Included for this study were 81 children who had been admitted to the Brain Hospital of Liaocheng People's Hospital from June 2011 to January 2015 for STBI and abnormal secretion of pituitary-related hormones.They were divided by the wishes of patients and their families into 2 groups,subjected to mild hypothermia treatment (n=42) or conventional treatment (n=41).The levels were examined of growth hormone (GH),prolactin (PRL),adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH),free triiodothyronine (FT3),free thyroxine (FT4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) for both groups unpon admission and in the moming of 1,3,5,7 and 14 days after injury.At 6 months after injury the patients were followed up for Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS) and levels of pituitary-related hormones.Results Of the 83 patients,disturbance of one single hormone was found in 31 (30.10％) and disturbance of 2 or more hormones in 52 (50.48％).The top 3 hormones disturbed were PRL,ACTH and GH.On days 3,5 and 7 after injury,the levels of PRL and ACTH in the mild hypothermia treatment group were significantly lower than in the conventional treatment group (P＜0.05).On day 3 after injury,the level of FT3 in the mild hypothermia treatment group was significantly lower than in the conventional treatment group (P＜0.05).At 6 months after injury,the GOS score for the conventional treatment group was 3.04±0.38,significantly lower than that for the mild hypothermia treatment group (4.56±0.62) (P＜0.05).The incidence of hypopituitarism in the hypothermia treatment group (16.67％) was significantly lower than in the conventional treatment group (46.88％) (P＜0.05).Conclusions Incidence of pituitary dysfunction is high in children following severe traumatic brain injury.Mild hypothermia treatment can effectively alleviate early-stage parasecretion of pituitary hormones,and decrease the incidence of later pituitary dysfunction.

Objective:To explore the effect of methylphenidate (MPH) sustained-release tablets on the sleep characteristics of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Methods:A total of 23 children with ADHD were included in the MPH group, and treated with sustained variable doses of methylphenidate sustained-release tablets, and overnight polysomnograms (PSG) were performed at baseline, 2 weeks of treatment, and 6 weeks of treatment.At the same time, 21 matched normal children were recruited as control group for PSG.SPSS 22.0 was used for statistical analysis, and the mean ± standard deviation, M( P25, P75) and percentage were used for statistical description according to the type of data.Paired t test or analysis of variance was used for comparison of sleep parameters. Results:At baseline, children in MPH group had lower sleep efficiency (SE (%)) ((86.7±12.4)%, (90.9±7.5)%), longer sleep latency (SOL) ((21.1±12.4) min, (18.1 ±13.0) min), shorter rapid eye movement onset latency (ROL) ((145.2±35.2)min, (155.6±57.7)min), and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). Compared with baseline, children in MPH group after 2 weeks of treatment had prolonged SOL ((27.2±6.4)min, (21.1±12.4) min), shortened ROL((127.2±32.1) min, (145.2±35.2) min) and REM phase time((70.5±13.8) min, (79.8±15.3)min) and significantly lower SE (%) ((83.1±15.4)%, (86.7±12.4)%), and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the SOL, ROL, REM phase time, and SE (%) sleep parameters of children in the MPH group after 6 weeks of treatment and baseline (all P>0.05). The sleep parameters such as %TST, number of awakenings and time of awakening of WASO in N1, N2, N3 and R phase of MPH group were not statistically significant among baseline, 2 weeks of treatment and 6 weeks of treatment (all P> 0.05). Conclusion:Children with ADHD present lower sleep efficiency, more difficulty to fall asleep, and shortened REM latency.MPH has a certain negative effect on the sleep of ADHD children in the first 2 weeks, which worsens the sleep problems of ADHD children.After 6 weeks of continuous treatment, the effect of MPH on sleep gradually improved.