Bacterial surface glycans perform a diverse and important set of biological roles, and have been widely used in the treatment of bacterial infectious diseases. The majority of bacterial surface glycans are decorated with diverse rare functional groups, including amido, acetamidino, carboxamido and pyruvate groups. These functional groups are thought to be important constituents for the biological activities of glycans. Chemical synthesis of glycans bearing these functional groups or their variants is essential for the investigation of structure-activity relationships by a medicinal chemistry approach. To date, a broad choice of synthetic methods is available for targeting the different rare functional groups in bacterial surface glycans. This article reviews the structures of naturally occurring rare functional groups in bacterial surface glycans, and the chemical methods used for installation of these groups.
Bacterial Infections ; Humans ; Polysaccharides/chemistry* ; Structure-Activity Relationship

Attapulgite(ATP), as a fertilizer slow-release agent and soil conditioner, has shown remarkable effect in improving the utilization rate of fertilizer and the yield and quality of agricultural products and Chinese medicinal materials. This study aims to explore the effect of ATP on the growth and root quality of Angelica sinensis. To be specific, Mingui 1 was used, and through the pot(soil culture) experiment in the Dao-di producing area, the effects of conventional chemical fertilizer added with ATP on the morphology, photosynthesis, soil respiration, and content of ferulic acid and volatile oil in roots of Mingui 1 were detected. The underlying mechanism was discussed from the perspective of source-sink relationship. The results showed that ATP, via the fertilizer slow-release effect, could meet the needs of A. sinensis for nutrients at the root expansion stage, improve the net photosynthetic rate of leaves and aboveground biomass of plants, and promote the transfer and accumulation of nutrients from the aboveground part(source) to the underground root(sink) in advance during the dry matter accumulation period of roots, so as to improve the root weight per plant. ATP can increase the content of total ferulic acid(the sum of free ferulic acid and coniferyl ferulate), the main effective component of Angelicae Sinensis Radix, by promoting the synthesis of ferulic acid in the roots and the transformation to coniferyl ferulate. However, it had little effect on the content of volatile oil. ATP had certain influence on soil respiration, which needs to be further explored from root activity, rhizosphere microorganisms, and soil microorganisms. This study can lay a basis for soil remediation and improvement and ecological cultivation of A. sinensis.
Adenosine Triphosphate ; Angelica sinensis/chemistry* ; Coumaric Acids ; Fertilizers/analysis* ; Magnesium Compounds ; Oils, Volatile/chemistry* ; Plant Roots/chemistry* ; Silicon Compounds ; Soil

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the distribution of body mass index (BMI) and risk factors for obesity in children with Diamond-Blackfan Anemia (DBA). METHODS: The children with DBA who attended National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, from January 2003 to December 2020 were enrolled as subjects. The related clinical data and treatment regimens were recorded. The height and weight data measured within 1 week before or after follow-up time points were collected to calculate BMI. The risk factors for obesity were determined by multivariate regression analysis in children with DBA. RESULTS: A total of 129 children with DBA were enrolled, among whom there were 80 boys (62.0%) and 49 girls (38.0%), with a median age of 49 months (range 3-189 months). The prevalence rate of obesity was 14.7% (19/129). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the absence of ribosomal protein gene mutation was closely associated with obesity in children with DBA (adjusted OR=3.63, 95%CI: 1.16-11.38, adjusted P=0.027). In children with glucocorticoid-dependent DBA, obesity was not associated with age of initiation of glucocorticoid therapy, duration of glucocorticoid therapy, and maintenance dose of glucocorticoids (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS There is a high prevalence rate of obesity in children with DBA, and the absence of ribosomal protein gene mutation is closely associated with obesity in children with DBA.
Child ; Male ; Female ; Humans ; Anemia, Diamond-Blackfan/genetics* ; Pediatric Obesity/complications* ; Glucocorticoids/therapeutic use* ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Ribosomal Proteins/genetics* ; Mutation

The ribose and phosphorus contents in Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) capsular polysaccharide (CPS) are two important chemical indexes for the development and quality control of Hib conjugate vaccine. A quantitative ¹H- and ³¹P-NMR method using a single internal standard was developed for simultaneous determination of ribose and phosphorus contents in Hib CPS. Hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) was successfully utilized as an internal standard in quantitative ¹H-NMR method for ribose content determination. The ribose and phosphorus contents were found to be affected by the concentration of polysaccharide solution. Thus, 15-20 mg·L^-1 was the optimal concentration range of Hib CPS in D₂O solution for determination of ribose and phosphorus contents by this method. The ribose and phosphorus contents obtained by the quantitative NMR were consistent with those obtained by traditional chemical methods. In conclusion, this quantitative ¹H- and ³¹P-NMR method using a single internal standard shows good specificity, accuracy and precision, providing a valuable approach for the quality control of Hib glycoconjugate vaccines.
Haemophilus Vaccines ; Haemophilus influenzae type b ; Phosphorus ; Polysaccharides, Bacterial ; Ribose

OBJECTIVES: To study the association between paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) clone and immunosuppressive therapy (IST) in children with severe aplastic anemia (SAA). METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on the medical data of 151 children with SAA who were admitted and received IST from January 2012 to May 2020. According to the status of PNH clone, these children were divided into a negative PNH clone group (n=135) and a positive PNH clone group (n=16). Propensity score matching was used to balance the confounding factors, and the impact of PNH clone on the therapeutic effect of IST was analyzed. RESULTS: The children with positive PNH clone accounted for 10.6% (16/151), and the median granulocyte clone size was 1.8%. The children with positive PNH clone had an older age and a higher reticulocyte count at diagnosis (P<0.05). After propensity score matching, there were no significant differences in baseline features between the negative PNH clone and positive PNH clone groups (P>0.05). The positive PNH clone group had a significantly lower overall response rate than the negative PNH clone group at 6, 12, and 24 months after IST (P<0.05). The evolution of PNH clone was heterogeneous after IST, and the children with PNH clone showed an increase in the 3-year cumulative incidence rate of aplastic anemia-PNH syndrome (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS SAA children with positive PNH clone at diagnosis tend to have poor response to IST and are more likely to develop aplastic anemia-PNH syndrome.
Anemia, Aplastic/drug therapy* ; Child ; Clone Cells ; Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal/etiology* ; Humans ; Immunosuppression Therapy ; Retrospective Studies

Most bacterial cell surface glycans are structurally unique, and have been considered as ideal target molecules for the developments of detection and diagnosis techniques, as well as vaccines. Chemical synthesis has been a promising approach to prepare well-defined oligosaccharides, facilitating the structure-activity relationship exploration and biomedical applications of bacterial glycans. L-Galactosaminuronic acid is a rare sugar that has been only found in cell surface glycans of gram-negative bacteria. Here, an orthogonally protected L-galactosaminuronic acid building block was designed and chemically synthesized. A synthetic strategy based on glycal addition and TEMPO/BAIB-mediated C6 oxidation served well for the transformation of commercial L-galactose to the corresponding L-galactosaminuronic acid. Notably, the C6 oxidation of the allyl glycoside was more efficient than that of the selenoglycoside. In addition, a balance between the formation of allyl glycoside and the recovery of selenoglycoside was essential to improve efficiency of the NIS/TfOH-catalyzed allylation. This synthetically useful L-galactosaminuronic acid building block will provide a basis for the syntheses of complex bacterial glycans.
Carbohydrates ; Glycosides ; Oligosaccharides ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Polysaccharides/chemistry*

To evaluate outcomes between extraperitoneal robotic single-port radical prostatectomy (epR-spRP) and extraperitoneal robotic multiport radical prostatectomy (epR-mpRP) performed with the da Vinci Si Surgical System, comparison was performed between 30 single-port (SP group) and 26 multiport (MP group) cases. Comparisons included operative time, estimated blood loss (EBL), hospital stay, peritoneal violation, pain scores, scar satisfaction, continence, and erectile function. The median operation time and EBL were not different between the two groups. In the SP group, the median operation time of the first 10 patients was obviously longer than that of the latter 20 patients (P < 0.001). The median postoperative hospital stay in the SP group was shorter than that in the MP group (P < 0.001). The rate of peritoneal damage in the SP group was less than that in the MP group (P = 0.017). The pain score and overall need for pain medications in the SP group were lower than those in the MP group (P < 0.001 and P = 0.015, respectively). Patients in the SP group were more satisfied with their scars than those in the MP group 3 months postoperatively (P = 0.007). At 3 months, the cancer control, recovery of erectile function, and urinary continence rates were similar between the two groups. It is safe and feasible to perform epR-spRP using the da Vinci Si surgical system. Therefore, epR-spRP can be a treatment option for localized prostate cancer. Although epR-spRP still has a learning curve, it has advantages for postoperative pain and self-assessed cosmesis. In the absence of the single-port robotic surgery platform, we can still provide minimally invasive surgery for patients.
Aged ; Blood Loss, Surgical/statistics & numerical data* ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Outcome Assessment, Health Care/statistics & numerical data* ; Perioperative Medicine/statistics & numerical data* ; Prostatectomy/methods* ; Prostatic Neoplasms/surgery* ; Quality Assurance, Health Care/statistics & numerical data* ; Robotic Surgical Procedures/statistics & numerical data*

During the pathogensis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), activated RA fibroblast-like synoviocytes (RA-FLSs) combines similar proliferative features as tumor and inflammatory features as osteoarthritis, which eventually leads to joint erosion. Therefore, it is imperative to research and develop new compounds, which can effectively inhibit abnormal activation of RA-FLSs and retard RA progression. Neohesperidin (Neo) is a major active component of flavonoid compounds with anti-inflammation and anti-oxidant properties. In this study, the anti-inflammation, anti-migration, anti-invasion, anti-oxidant and apoptosis-induced effects of Neo on RA-FLSs were explored to investigate the underlying mechanism. The results suggested that Neo decreased the levels of interleukin IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, MMP-3, MMP-9 and MMP-13 in FLSs. Moreover, Neo blocked the activation of the MAPK signaling pathway. Furthermore, treatment with Neo induced the apoptosis of FLSs, and inhibited the migration of FLSs. It was also found that Neo reduced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by TNF-α. Taken together, our results highlighted that Neo may act as a potential and promising therapeutic drug for the management of RA.
Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy* ; Cell Movement ; Cell Proliferation ; Cells, Cultured ; Fibroblasts ; Hesperidin/analogs & derivatives* ; Humans ; Synoviocytes ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics*

OBJECTIVE: To explore biomechanical characteristics of minimally invasive different screw fixations in treating Sanders typeⅡcalcaneal fractures. METHODS: Dicom data of calcaneus by CT scan were input into Mimics 21.0 software and Ansys15.0 software to construct three-dimensional finite element digital model of calcaneus;this model was input into UG NX 10.0 software, and calcaneus was cut according to Sanders classification to establish Sanders typeⅡ calcaneus model with posterior articular surface collapse;then simulated minimally invasive screw internal fixation after calcaneal fracture:a screw from posterior articular surface was used to outside-in fix sustentaculum tali, other 4 screws were used to fix calcaneus by different methods through calcaneal tuberosity, and 4 different calcaneal models were obtained. Under the same conditions, 4 types of internal fixation models were loaded respectively, and nonlinear finite element analysis was performed to calculate the stress distribution of different internal fixation models. RESULTS: Under the same condition of loading, the model 3 had smaller displacement value, maximum calcaneus displacement value and maximum equivalent stress value of the screw than other three internal fixation models, and the stress was more dispersed. CONCLUSION In minimally invasive screw internal fixation of calcaneus fracture, after 1 sustentaculum tali screw fixation, 2 screws crossed fix posterior articular surface from calcaneal tuberosity, 2 screws fix parallelly calcaneocuboid joint from calcaneal tuberosity are more suitable for biomechanical requirements, and could provide basic theory for clinical treatment.
Bone Screws ; Calcaneus/surgery* ; Finite Element Analysis ; Fracture Fixation, Internal ; Fractures, Bone/surgery* ; Humans ; Treatment Outcome

D-Glycero-D-mannno-heptose 1β, 7-bisphosphate (HBPβ) is an important intermediate for constructing the core structure of Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides and was reported as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) that regulates immune responses. HBPβ with 3-O-amyl amine linker and its monophosphate derivative D-glycero-D-mannno-heptose 7-phosphate (HP) with 1α-amyl amine linker have been synthesized as candidates for immunity study of HBPβ. The O3-amyl amine linker of heptose was installed by dibutyltin oxide-mediated regioselective alkylation under fine-tuned protecting condition. The stereoselective installation of 1β-phosphate ester was achieved by NIS-mediated phosphorylation at low temperature. The strategy for installation of 3-O-amyl amine linker onto HBP derivative can be expanded to the syntheses of other conjugation-ready carbohydrates bearing anomeric phosphoester.