Objective To investigate the three-dimensional structure of normal male canine prostat- ic duct and acinus system,and to study the mechanism of intraprostatic urinary reflux(IPUR)resulting from high pressure of the posterior urethra by experiment.Methods Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM)and corrosion casting methods,high pressure of the prostatic urethra was produced based upon IPUR in normal male canines.Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene(ABS)casting solution was injected into 8 Beagle canines'normal prostates to induce intraprostatie resin solution reflux.Results Six casting molds of nor- real canine prostate specimens were obtained,and the casting failed in 2.By corrosion and casting treatment, the prostate appeared to consist of several glandular lobes.The columnar apophyses of glandular surface were observed.The most glandular ducts pointed outward from urethral peristome.Each glandular duct system was made up of many bifurcated branches from the bough as a duct tree.More than 90% of the bifurcations were Y-shaped,and 6 bifurcated branches were rarely seen.The tip of the duct was vesicular.The diameter and length of the bough were(0.37?0.14)mm and(1.14?0.04)mm,respectively.The intersectional angle of urethra and peripheral glandular duct was the biggest.Peripheral glandular duct was perpendicular or con- verse to urinary flow.Peripheral glandular aeinus appeared elliptic and velvet.The mesh-like and crater-like depressions were shown on the surface of central glandular aeinus.Ejaculatory ducts independently and branchlessly entered the urethra.Conclusions The resin corrosion casting methods combined with SEM can clearly show the three-dimensional structure of normal male canine prostatic duct and acinus system. IPUR may easily occur in the peripheral glands from the morphological view.It is suggested that prostatitis occurs more commonly in peripheral glands,confirming a fact that high pressure of the posterior urethra can induce IPUR.

Acute Lung Injury ; metabolism ; virology ; Adult ; Disease Outbreaks ; Extravascular Lung Water ; metabolism ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ; pathogenicity ; Influenza, Human ; metabolism ; virology ; Male ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult ; metabolism ; virology

OBJECTIVETo study the correlation between Apnea Graph (AG) analysis of airway obstruction and cephalometric assessment of the posterior airway space in the diagnosis of obstructive level in patients with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS), so as to improve the preoperative diagnostic accuracy and the therapeutic outcome.

METHODSThirty patients (28 males and two females) who were diagnosed with severe OSAHS (mean AHI 58.6) by overnight polysomnography in recent 3 months were enrolled. The ages of the patients ranged from 35 to 59 years old with the median age of 41.5 years old. The mean body mass index (BMI, x(-) ± s) was (28.8 ± 4.1) kg/m(2). Mean apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was (58.6 ± 16.4)/h. The lowest oxygen saturation was averaged to 0.69 ± 0.09. All patients underwent AG study as well as cephalometric analysis preoperatively. A correlation analysis was performed between the percentage of lower level obstructions measured by AG and the posterior airway space (PAS) evaluated by cephalometric analysis.

RESULTSAll of the 30 patients had the obvious narrow PAS of 4.4 - 10.8 mm, with the average of (7.6 ± 2.1) mm. Their constituent ratios of lower level obstruction ranged from 2 to 87 percent with the median ratio of 15.5% [9.0%; 35.8%]. Among all the patients, only 2 cases had more than 50 percent obstruction of the airway at lower level, 8 cases had 30 to 40 percent obstruction, and 6 cases had the narrow PAS less than 6 mm. The constituent ratio of lower level obstructions had a negative rectilinear correlation with the data of PAS (r = -0.6511, P < 0.01), which meant the patient with a higher percentage of lower obstruction had the tendency to have a corresponding narrower PAS. Two cases whose constituent ratios of lower level obstructions were not compatible with the rectilinear tendency due to tonsillar hypertrophy were reported.

CONCLUSIONSAG analysis of airway obstruction and cephalometric assessment of the PAS could provide comparable and consistent results for the diagnosis of obstructive level in OSAHS. However, the tonsillar hypertrophy should be considered when using AG to identify the airway obstruction.

Adult ; Airway Obstruction ; diagnosis ; diagnostic imaging ; physiopathology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Radiography ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive ; diagnosis ; diagnostic imaging ; physiopathology ; Tongue ; diagnostic imaging ; Transducers, Pressure

Although Toxoplasma gondii infection in primary school children has been investigated in many countries, limited surveys have been available in primary school children in China. In the present study, we report the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in primary school children in Shandong province, China. Sera from 6,000 primary school children were evaluated for T. gondii antibodies with ELISA. The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii infection was 16.0% (961/6,000), of which 14.5% (870/6,000) were positive for anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies, 3.4% (206/6,000) positive for IgM, and 1.9% (115/6,000) were positive for both IgG and IgM. The results of the present investigation indicated a high seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in primary school children in Shandong province, China. Therefore, effective measures should be taken to prevent and control T. gondii infection in primary school children in this province. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of T. gondii seroprevalence in primary school children in Shandong province, China.
Antibodies, Protozoan/blood ; Child ; China/epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Students ; Toxoplasma/genetics/immunology/*isolation & purification ; Toxoplasmosis/blood/*epidemiology/*parasitology

OBJECTIVETo compare the criteria of sperm morphology evaluation in the fifth edition of WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen and those in the fourth edition, and to know the changes in the criteria of sperm morphology evaluation in the new edition.

METHODSNine technicians from Zhejiang Human Sperm Bank evaluated the morphology of 1 000 spermatozoa in 96 sperm morphological pictures according to the criteria in the fourth and fifth editions of WHO Laboratory Manual, respectively.

RESULTSThe percentage of morphologically normal sperm by the criteria of the fifth edition was (26.50 +/- 5.06)%, significantly higher than (11.39 +/- 3.17)% by the fourth edition (P < 0.05), while the rates of sperm head and tail defects based on the former were (64.26 +/- 7.66)% and (10.92 +/- 2.03)%, significantly lower than (76.11 +/- 8.18)% and (39.89 +/- 3.85)% according to the latter (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the rates of sperm midpiece defects and excessive residual cytoplasm by the fifth and fourth editions ([16.46 +/- 3.08]% vs [15.22 +/- 3.51 ]% and [4.24 +/- 1.66]% vs [3.87 +/- 1.68]%, P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe criteria of sperm morphology evaluation in the fifth edition of WHO Laboratory Manual are less strict than those in the fourth, and the percentage of morphologically normal sperm is higher according to the fifth edition.

Humans ; Male ; Semen Analysis ; standards ; Sperm Head ; ultrastructure ; Sperm Midpiece ; ultrastructure ; Sperm Motility ; Spermatozoa ; ultrastructure ; World Health Organization

OBJECTIVETo search for a method for the precise measurement of human semen volume so as to provide reliable evidence for clinical semen analysis.

METHODSThe volumes of 492 semen samples collected from 137 donors by Zhejiang Human Sperm Bank were measured respectively by three different methods including electronic balance weighing, volumetric cylinder measuring, and combination of the two methods above. With the combined measuring method, the semen weight was first obtained by electronic balance weighing, then the semen density determined by volumetric cylinder measuring, and lastly the semen volume figured out by a formula. Paired sample t-test was used to compared the combined method with electronic balance weighing and volumetric cylinder measuring.

RESULTSThe mean volume of the 492 semen samples obtained by the combined measuring method was (3.46 +/- 1.17) ml, significantly lower than (3.75 +/- 1.21) ml from electronic balance weighing (P < 0.05) and markedly higher than (3.22 +/- 1.16) ml from volumetric cylinder measuring (P < 0.05). The mean semen density of the 492 samples was (1.0928 +/- 0.0761) g/ml, and the mean weight of the residual semen in the container used in volumetric cylinder measuring was (0.269 +/- 0.122) g.

CONCLUSIONSemen volume measured by electronic balance weighing is higher while that obtained from volumetric cylinder measuring is lower than the actual value. An accurate semen volume can be achieved by the combined measuring method, which, therefore, deserves to be widely used both clinically and in researches.

Adult ; Body Weights and Measures ; Humans ; Male ; Semen ; Semen Analysis ; methods ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo investigate the regulatory effect of potassium channel blocker (tetraethylammonium [TEA], aminopyridine [4-AP], glibenclamide [Glib]) on the proliferation of SD rat prostatic epithelial cells in vitro.

METHODSThe primary culture was prepared by collagenase dissociation of minced prostatic tissues. Cells were cultured in serum-free prostate epithelial cell growth media and identified by immunocytochemical studies. TEA and 4-AP at the concentration of 1, 5 and 10 mmol/L and Glib at the concentration of 10, 50 and 100 mol/L were added, and after 24, 48 and 72 hours of culturing, a cell column diagram was drawn and the cell number counted. The post-passage cell growth was observed by MTT assay and Hoechst33258 nucleus staining.

RESULTSThe cultured cells showed the typical morphological features of epithelia, with positive stain. MTT assay and Hoechst33258 staining showed that TEA, 4-AP and Glib at the increasing concentration effected different degrees of proliferation of prostatic epithelial cells after 24, 48 and 72 h (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONThe potassium channel blocker is a direct physiological regulator of the proliferation of SD rat prostatic epithelial cells.

Animals ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Epithelial Cells ; drug effects ; Male ; Potassium Channel Blockers ; pharmacology ; Prostate ; cytology ; drug effects ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Objective:To summarize and analyze the status of health cooperation achievement strategies between China and the countries along the "Belt and Road",determine the implications thereof, and provide reference for future practical cooperation between the China and those countries in the field of health. Methods : The relevant literature was retrieved from the research database from articles published in both Chinese and English during the period from 2013 to 2017, and the literature research method was used to summarize the status quo of health cooperation. Results : According to the exclusion criteria, 116 articles were selected. The analysis showed that the main research focus falls in the following seven aspects for both domestic and foreign scholars : The dissemination of Chinese medicine culture promotes international cooperation in Chinese medicine; the prevention and control of infectious diseases needs to further strengthen the construction of international mechanisms; the health services and systems requiremutual learning from international experience; health industry has broad prospects for development; health emergency cooperation encounters the problem of inadequate coordination mechanisms and language barriers; the research on health development assistance goes deep; and health professionals training focuses on training mode. Conclusions: The existing research topics were of great coverage in range and had the highest attention to Chinese medicine,yet least considered talent cultivation. The research showed that cooperation in various health departments emphasized on international experience and the joint participation of the government and civil society. However, the research on laws and regulations, international conventions and practices, and different families' cooperation requirements related with health cooperation mechanisms need to be further strengthened.

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effect and safety of BCG vaccine on initially treated pulmonary tuberculosis and its controlling effect on multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.

METHODSAll 360 volunteers with initially treated pulmonary tuberculosis of positive smear and culture were divided into immunotherapy group (180 cases, also BCG group) and control group (180 cases) at random pair. The patients in BCG group were treated with chemotherapy of a regimen of 2HRZ/2HR and immunotherapy with BCG for 4 months,and the first BCG vaccine was given a month after chemotherapy. Meanwhile, the patients in the control group were treated with chemotherapy of 2HRZ/4HR only.

RESULTS(1) The negative conversion rate of sputum smear in BCG group was 98.3% (177/180), and it was 97.2% (175/180) in control group. There was no significant difference between the two groups both at the ends of 4 and 6 months after treatment (chi2 = 0.1278, P > 0.05). (2) The positive conversion rate of sputum smear in BCG group was 2.3% (4/177), and it was 6.9% (12/175) in control group followed up for 5 years. The successful rate was 96.1% (173/180) in BCG group, and it was significantly higher than that of 90.6% (163/180) in control group (chi2 = 4.4643, P < 0.05). (3) In the 5-year follow up, bacteriologic result was similar to that of X-ray. (4) The occurrence rate of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis was 2.3% (4/177) in BCG group,significantly lower than that of 7.3% (13/178) in the control group (chi2 = 4.9513, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONAs an adjunct chemotherapy,immunotherapy with BCG vaccine should be helpful for patients with initially treated pulmonary tuberculosis. It would further strengthen the effects of chemotherapy and reduce the occurrence rate of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.

Adjuvants, Immunologic ; therapeutic use ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Antitubercular Agents ; therapeutic use ; BCG Vaccine ; therapeutic use ; Child ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Immunotherapy, Active ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant ; prevention & control ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary ; therapy

OBJECTIVETo construct a rat model of chronic nonbacterial prostatitis (CP) and investigate the difference in the quantitative expression of voltage-dependent calcium channels of prostate smooth muscle cells (PSMCs) between the models and controls.

METHODSWe established a CP rat model by estrogen induction, cultured and purified the PSMCs in vitro, and extracted total RNA by Trizol. Then we measured the mRNA expression of the cal subunit in the calcium channel subtypes by reverse transcription and SYBR Green I real time RT-PCR, and compared it with that of the controls.

RESULTSThe expressions of the L-, T- and P/Q-type calcium channels were found in both the CP and control groups, and that of the CaV1.2 L-type calcium channel was significantly increased in the former as compared with the latter (0.048 +/- 0.024 versus 0.031 +/- 0.015, t = 2.846, P = 0.007), but there were no statistically significant differences in the T- and P/Q-type calcium channels between the two groups.

CONCLUSIONThe number of CaV1.2 L-type calcium channels of PSMCs and calcium influx were increased in CP patients, which may be involved in the mechanism of CP.

Animals ; Calcium Channels, L-Type ; metabolism ; Calcium Channels, Q-Type ; metabolism ; Calcium Channels, T-Type ; metabolism ; Estradiol ; pharmacology ; Male ; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle ; metabolism ; Prostate ; metabolism ; Prostatitis ; metabolism ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar