Objective To discuss the clinical features and speech training of bilabial consonant articulation disorders. Methods 92 patients with functional articulation disorders (FAD) and 85 patients repaired cleft palate were studied. Then 20 patients with bilabial consonant articulation disorders were selected respectively from two types of patients for speech training. Results FAD patients who replaced /p/with /b/ accounted for 78.8% in patients with bilabial consonant articulation disorders, and the patients repaired cleft palate dropped or replaced /b/ accounted for 30.2% and 60.4% respectively. Both types of the patients with bilabial consonant articulation disorders made less mistakes after speech training (P<0.001). Conclusion Bilabial consonant articulation disorders mainly show unaspirated about /p/ in FAD patients, and show dropping and replacement about /b/ in the patients repaired cleft palate. The speech training is significantly effective.

Objective To explore the clinical characteristics of lateral misarticulation. Methods 39 patients with lateral misarticulation were recruited. Their articulation was recorded by the computer speech lab according to the Putonghua syllable chart of the collocation of consonants and vowels, then the recording materials were analyzed. Results 22 cases with lateral misarticulation were on both sides, 14 cases were on the right side and 3 cases on the left side. Lateral misarticulation mainly occurred in consonants with the highest incidence in /z/, / c/, /s/, /zh/, /ch/, /sh/, /j/, /q/ and /x/. There were two or more release bursts in the spectrogram of lateral misarticulation. There was no significant correlation between the number of lateral misarticulation and age (r=0.110, P=0.507). Conclusion Lateral misarticulation mainly occurs in supradental, blade-palatal and lingua-palatal phoneme. The time-domain waveform diagram and spectrogram are helpful for the diagnosis of lateral misarticulation. Lateral misarticulation should be corrected in time.

Objective To study the clinical effects of the combination of the topping tongue method and the scraping tongue method in speech training after the operation of ankyloglossia with lingua apical articulation disor-der.Methods Based on the random control study design,50 cases of ankyloglossia with lingua apical articulation disorders were randomly allocated into experimental group (25 cases)and control group (25cases).Patients of ex-perimental group were given routine speech training with the topping tongue and scraping tongue methods.Patients of control group were given routine speech training,and data of voice intelligibility of two groups of patients were collected at the time before speech training and after 3 courses of speech training.Results The voice intelligibility of two groups of patients before speech training had no statistically significant differences(t =0.726,P >0.05 ).But the voice intelligibility of the patients after 3 courses of speech training in both groups was obviously improved. There were statistically significant differences(P <0.001).Patients in the experimental group had a higher voice in-telligibility score assessed after 3 courses of speech training than the control group.After treatment,the voice intel-ligibility of the patients in experimental group increased from 37.91% to 87.69%.The voice intelligibility of the pa-tients in the control group increased from 37.69% to 72.99%.There were statistically significant differences(P <0.001).Conclusion The combination of the topping tongue and scraping tongue methods can improve the speech intelligi-bility for patients after operation of ankyloglossia and promote rehabilitation training of the lingua- apical articulation.

Objective To study the phonological characteristics and rehabilitation training methods of abnor-mal blade-alveolar consonants in children with functional articulation disorders(FAD).Methods A total of 150 children of 4 to 25 years old with blade-alveolar consonant articulation disorders were selected from 194 children di-agnosed with FAD as the research objects.The phonological characteristics of abnormal blade-alveolar consonants were analysed;30 children of 4 to 17 years old accepted speech therapy,exhaling training and functional treatment of blade-alveolar consonants (/d/,/t/,/n/,/l/).Patients were given speech assessments in the first and last training by using computer speech lab.Results The occurrence rate of abnormal blade-alveolar consonant was 77.32%(150/194);the error rate of/l/was 82.0% which was the highest;/d/was mainly substituted by/j/,and/t/was mainly substituted by/q/,/d/.Both/l/and/n/mainly showed omission.Males accounted for 82.35%(98/119) and females accounted for 80.65%(25/31)among substitution cases.Males accounted for 80.67%(96/119)and fe-males for 90.32%(28/31)among omission cases.The number of incorrect words decreased to (6.30±2.72)after speech training from(50.60±9.04)before speech training was established.The differences were statistically signifi-cant(Z= -4.875,P<0.05).The number of erroneous words was negatively correlated with age (r= -0.736,P<0.01).Conclusion Blade-alveolar consonant articulation disorders occur mainly on/d/,/t/,/l/,and the main erro-neous articulation patterns are substitution and omission.The training scheme and training methods established in this study are significantly effective.

Objective To explore the clinical characteristics of consonant errors in adults with functional ar-ticulation disorders (FAD) .Methods Speech evaluations were carried out on 42 adult subjects with FAD .Then the articulation patterns and types of erroneous consonants were classified and analyzed .Results The main erroneous articulation patterns of the adults were substitution ,distortion ,followed by omission .The abnormal consonants which were classified according to the place of articulation were found as follows :blade-palatal(39 cases) ,supra-dental(31 cases) ,lingua-palatal(22 cases) ,velar(19 cases) ,blade-alveolar(18 cases) ,labiodental(6 cases) and bi-labial consonant(6 cases) .Erroneous consonants which were sorted according to the error frequency by descending order lied in/sh/,/zh/,/ch/,/r/,/z/,/c/,/s/,/q/,/x/,/j/,/g/,/k/,/h/,/t/,/l/,/d/,/f/ and /p/.The error types were fronting of tongue(22 cases) ,unaspiration(12 cases) ,lateralization(12 cases) ,omission(9 cases) ,back-ing of tongue (8 cases) ,replacement by lingua-palatal(4 cases) ,bilabial(4 cases) and labiodental consonant(3 ca-ses) .Conclusion The main erroneous articulation patterns of adults with FAD are substitution and distortion .The erroneous consonants are blade -palatal ,supradental ,lingua-palatal ,velar and blade-alveolar .The error types are fronting of tongue ,unaspiration ,lateralization and omission .

Objective To explore the age effects on the prognosis of patients with dysarthria after lingual fre-nectomy ,to provide clinical basis for the corresponding speech evaluation and treatment of the patients .Methods 154 patients with dysarthria one month after lingual frenectomy were recruited as the research objects ,83 cases of preschool ,52 cases of school-age ,adolescent 11 cases and 8 cases of adult were included .Their articulation was re-corded after postoperative recovery one month by the computer speech lab (Model 4500) according to the test table , then the recording materials were analyzed .After the patients' phonetic intelligibility(PI) was evaluated ,the corre-lation and simple linear regression analysis for age and PI were carried on .Results The PI of patients with dysar-thria one month after lingual frenectomy was positively correlated with age (r=0 .467 ,P<0 .05) .That indicates PI has an increasing trend with the growth of age .The result of simple linear regression analysis showed that the deter-mination coefficient of age to PI was 0 .270 .It showed that age had an influence on the prognosis of patients with PI after lingual frenectomy .Conclusion Aging was one of the important factors for the prognosis of patients with dys-arthria after lingual frenectomy ,but it is not the only factor .The patients with dysarthria one month after lingual fre-nectomy should be received treatment in time ,speech training must be corrected at about 4 to 8 years old with dysarthriawithout surgery .