RibosomalS6kinase2(RSK2)isamemberofthep90Rsk,whichbelongstoSer/Thrkinasefami-ly.It is a downstream molecule of Ras/MAPK cascade and regulates a variety of cellular processes.RSK2 plays a key role in the cell proliferation, survival and transformation.Furthermore, the aberrant up-regulation of RSK2 was observed in dif-ferent malignancies.We here briefly review the structure and function of RSK2, the relationship between RSK2 and tumor, and the existing RSK2 inhibitors.

AIM:To study the effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on the proliferation of human naso-pharyngeal carcinoma ( NPC) cells, and to explore its mechanism by targeting miR-34a.METHODS: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma CNE-2Z cells were treated with various concentrations of EGCG .The ability of cell proliferation was detected by CCK-8 assay, 5-ethynyl-2-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation assay and colony-forming assay.The cell cycle distributions were analyzed by flow cytometry .The protein levels of P53 and Notch1 were detected by Western blot .The expression of miR-34a and Notch1 mRNA was measured by real-time PCR.RESULTS:EGCG effectively inhibited the proliferation and colony formation of CNE-2Z cells in a dose-dependent manner , which was related to its induction of cell cycle arrest at G 0/G1 phase.The expression of P53 and miR-34a in CNE-2Z cells was significantly increased after treated with EGCG , while the expression of Notch1 at mRNA and protein levels was markedly suppressed .CONCLUSION:EGCG induces cell cycle arrest and suppresses cell proliferation by regulating the P 53/miR-34a/Notch1 pathway in NPC cells.

Objective To investigate the concentrations of indoor radon (222Rn) and its daughter products as well as indoor thoron (220Rn) in selected houses in Yuhang district and Sanmen county,Zhejiang province,and estimate their annual effective doses to the population.Methods Solid state nuclear track detectors were used in selected dwellings in Yuhang district and Sanmen county,and the detectors were placed in bedrooms or living rooms.Without changing the ventilation habits of residents,These detectors were continuously placed from March to September in 2009.Results Indoor 222 Rn and 220Rn concentrations in low-rise buildings were the highest among all types of houses.The indoor concentration of 222 Rn had no relation with the building age (F = 0.53,P ＞ 0.05),but that of 220 Rn was dependent on the building age (F = 3.56,P ＜ 0.05).Moreover,the investigation demonstrated indoor 220 Rn concentrations in houses with no decoration were higher than in the houses decorated (t = 2.33,P ＜0.05).The average indoor concentrations of 222Rn and 220Rn in Yuhang district were 32.5 Bq/m3 and 314.3 Bq/m3,respectively,and the annual effective doses were 0.88 mSy and 0.42 mSv respectively.The average indoor concentrations of 222Rn and 220Rn in Sanmen county were 26.8 Bq/m3 and 399.5 Bq/m3,and the annual effective doses were 0.72 mSy and 0.53 mSv respectively.Conclusion The concentrations of indoor 222 Rn in some areas of Zhejiang province are at natural background level,and the concentrations of indoor 220Rn in rural areas are relatively higher.The total annual effective dose from 220Rn and its progeny was larger than that from 222Rn and its progeny by 50 percents.

OBJECTIVETo explore the effect of quercetin on the invasion, migration, proliferation and cell cycle of glioma U87 cells.

METHODSGlioma U87 cells were treated with 50, 100, or 150 µmol/L quercetin (Q(50), Q(100) and Q(150) groups, respectively) or with DMSO (Q(0) group). Transwell in vitro invasion and migration assays, Click-iT Edu test and flow cytometry were performed to evaluate the effect of quercetin on the invasion, migration, proliferation and cell cycle of U87 cells.

RESULTSAfter 36 h of quercetin treatment, the cells in Q(50), Q(100) and Q(150) groups showed invasive cell percentages (relative to Q(0) group) of 52.08%, 24.63%, and 13.13%, respectively (P<0.05). After quercetin treatment for 12 h, the migrating cell percentages (relative to Q(0) group) in Q(50), Q(100) and Q(150) groups were 49.46%, 26.78%, and 14.56%, respectively (P<0.05). After 24 h of quercetin treatment, the cell proliferation ratios in Q(0), Q(50), Q(100) and Q(150) groups were 25.21%, 18.38%, 16.74% and 15.24%; the cell percentages in phase G0/Gl were 71.14%, 72.71%, 69.29%, and 66.47%, phase S were 25.32%, 22.48%, 21.96%, and 23.32%, and phase G(2)/M were 3.53%, 4.80%, 8.75%, and 10.25% in the 4 groups, respectively, showing a significant difference between groups Q(100), Q(150) and group Q(0) in phase G(2)/M cell percentages (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSQuercetin can significantly inhibit the invasion, migration and proliferation of glioma U87 cells by blocking the cell cycle progression.

Cell Cycle ; drug effects ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Movement ; drug effects ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Glioma ; pathology ; Humans ; Quercetin ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of quercetin on apoptosis and feedback regulation of MDM2-p53 in multiform glioblastoma U87 cells in vitro.

METHODSU87 cells exposed to different concentrations of quercetin (50, 100, and 150 µmol/L) were examined with flow cytometry, RT-PCR and Western blotting for detecting the cell apoptosis, MDM2 mRNA expression, and p53 and caspase-3 expressions.

RESULTSQuercetin induced obvious apoptosis in U87 cells in a concentration-dependent manner, with apoptosis rates of (12.40∓0.70)% at Q0, (22.53∓0.72)% at Q50, (29.06∓0.81)% at Q100, and (31.5∓0.45)% at Q150. Quercetin significantly increased the expressions of MDM2 mRNA and active caspase-3 protein but decreased the expression of p53 in the cells.

CONCLUSIONQuercetin promotes the apoptosis of multiform glioblastoma U87 cells mediated by caspase-3 and influences the feedback balance of MDM2-p53.

Apoptosis ; Caspase 3 ; metabolism ; Cell Line, Tumor ; drug effects ; Glioma ; metabolism ; pathology ; Humans ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2 ; metabolism ; Quercetin ; pharmacology ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 ; metabolism

Objective: To explore the relationship between protease-chymase secreted by mast cells, and activated transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1), in skin with secondary lymphedema(SLE)in lower extremity, so as toidentify the key factors in fibrosis of lymphedema. Methods: In this study, the affected limb skin of 7 SLE patients was includedas the experimental group, and normal skin tissue of the lower limb of 7 volunteers was used as controls. The skin samples were assayed by Masson staining, and the expressions of chymase and TGF-β1 were assayed by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescent staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: There was obvious fibrosis in the skin of lower extremity in patients with lymphedema. The number of MCs andthe expressions of chymase, latency-associated peptide TGF-β1 (LAP TGF-β1) and TGF-β1 were all significantly increased in fibrotic skin in lymphedema, compared with those in normal skin. At the same time, the chymase-containing mast cells accumulated in the lymphatic vessels, with higher expression of TGF-β1. Conclusions The expression of chymase and TGF-β1 was significantly increased in the fibrotic skin insecondary lower extremity lymphedema. The increased expression of chymase in the skin may activate more TGF-β1 expression, and the increased TGF-β1 may promote skin fibrosis in SLE.

Objective: To explore the appropriate treatment cycle of complex decongestive Therapy (CDT) for extremity lymphedema, which is the summary of the relationship between treatment time and curative effect. Methods: From January to December 2015, 203 patients with limb lymphedema were divided into four stages according to the degree of edema and the degree of fibrosis, that is, four groups. All patients were given CDT treatment for a course of treatment (4 weeks). During the treatment period, the multi frequency bioelectrical resistance body composition analyzer was used to monitor the change of tissue moisture and the tape diameter was used to measure the circumference of the affected limb. SPSS software is used to analyze the data. Results: 203 cases were treated with CDT therapy. Water in limb tissue and limb circumference of affected side was decreased significantly (P<0.01). To the tissues water dynamic changes, in the first group there was a significant difference (P<0.01) in the first week and second week. There was no obvious difference in 2-4 weeks; In the 2, 3 and 4 groups, there was significant difference in the first week and the second week, as well as the second week and the third week (P<0.05). And there was no difference in the third and fourth week. To the circumference dynamic change, in the first group there was no significant difference in patients in the first and the second week; In the third group, there was significant difference in the first week and the second week, as well as the second week and the third week (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the last two weeks; In the fourth group, there was significant difference in the first week and the second week, as well as the third week and the fourth week(P<0.01). There was no difference in the second week and the third week. There is a correlation between the tissue water and the circumferential diameter (r=0.643). The patient has a good subjective feeling. Conclusions CDT therapy is effective in the treatment of lymphedema. For the first stage of edema, the therapy lasted two-week at least; For the second and the third stage edema, a 3 week therapy was suitable; For the fourth stage therapy, a four-week therapy is appropriate. It is suggested that CDT therapy should be maintained for at least half a year or so.

Objective: To identify confounding factors associated with dental caries prevention, as the basis for the development of subsequent health management plan for dental caries prevention in young children. Methods: From June to September 2019, a questionnaire survey was conducted among parents of young children enrolled in five kindergartens in the district of Shanggang Steel Community, Pudong New District, Shanghai, using the convenience sampling method. The survey included basic demographic characteristics on parents and children, as well as information factor, motivation factor, behavioral skills, and caries prevention behavior. Results: Among 718 parents surveyed, the median information factor score was 8 (7, 9), the median personal motivation factor score was 20 (19, 20), the median social motivation factor score was 9 (8, 10), the median behavioral skills score was 25 (24, 25), and the median caries prevention behavior score was 7 (5, 8). Motivation factor was positively associated with behavioral skills, both information factor and behavioral skills were positively associated with dental caries prevention (P<0.05). Personal motivation factor had a direct influence factor of 0.80 on behavioral skills and an indirect influence factor of 0.15 on dental caries prevention behavior; behavioral skills and information factor had a direct influence factor of 0.19 and 0.26 respectively on dental caries prevention. Conclusion The finding suggest that in addition to oral hygiene information and education for parents of young children, mental support should be a key component of any community-based dental caries prevention program.

There have been breakthroughs in the development and clinical application of immuno-therapeutic agents in recent years.As the clinical targets of second-generation immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs),programmed death-1(PD-1)and its ligand(programmed death-ligand 1,PD-L1)have become one of the hot spots in drug discovery.The Food and Drug Administration of the USA and National Medical Products Administration in China have approved a variety of PD-1/PD-L1 monoclonal antibody drugs(such as nivolumab,pembrolizumab and atezolizumab),which are marketed for the treatment of small-cell lung cancer,rectal cancer,colon cancer,and melanoma,among other diseases.However,in the clinical application of PD-1/PD-L1 monoclonal antibody drugs,it is found that they can cause different degrees of immune-related adverse reactions in the lung,liver,kidney,gastrointestinal system,endocrine system and skin,and even the emergence of hyperprogressive disease.Effective monitoring and management of clinical applications of PD-1/PD-L1 monoclonal antibody drugs and rational use of some drugs can improve the immunotherapy process and reduce the effects of adverse reactions and hyperprogressive diseases in patients under immunotherapy.

Objective:To investigate the levels of gross radioactivity in drinking water and of 90Sr in food around Sanmen nuclear power plant (NPP) before and after operation. Methods:From 2012 to 2019, 7 drinking water monitoring sites were selected around the Sanmen NPP to collect source water, factory water and peripheral water, respectively, in order to measure and analyze the total radioactivity level in drinking water. Based on the dietary habits of local residents, 4 kinds of food such as grains, vegetables, freshwater fish and marine fish grown locally were sampled to measure and analyze the activity concentration of 90Sr. Results:Before the operation of Sanmen NPP, the total α radioactivity and total β radioactivity in drinking water around the NPP were 0.001-0.063 Bq/L and 0.019-0.210 Bq/L, respectively. After operation, the total α radioactivity and total β radioactivity were 0.001-0.084 Bq/L and 0.025-0.079 Bq/L, respectively. Both were lower than the national standard value given in the GB 5749-2006 " Sanitary standards for drinking water" . There was no significant change in the radioactivity level of source water, factory water and peripheral water during the wet and dry periods. The activity concentration of 90Sr in these four types of food ranged from 0.037 to 1.216 Bq/kg before operation and from 0.049 to 0.692 Bq/kg after operation, all lower than the standard value of " Standard for the concentration in radioactive substances in food" (GB 14882-94). Conclusions:Before and after the operation of Sanmen NPP, the total α and total β radioactivity in drinking water and 90Sr activity concentration in food are stable, below the national standard limit.