Objective To explore the effects of scleral electric coagulation(SEC) on postoperative astigmatism and incisional cicatrization after small-incision extracapsular cataract extraction (SIECCE).Methods 70 cataract patients who received SIECCE and intraocular lens implantation(IOLI) in our hospital were selected and randomly divided into the observation group and control group,35 cases in each group.The observation group received SEC,while the control group did not receive SEC.The postoperative corneal astigmatism of two groups was compared by using corneal topographic map meter,the postoperative anterior chamber reaction was observed through the slit lamp.Results 1 week after the surgery,the corneal astigmatism of the observation group and the control group were (0.88 ± 0.47) °,(1.24 ± 0.79) ° respectively,the corneal astigmatism of observation group was smaller than the control group(P ＜0.05).Postoperative 1 and 3 months,the corneal astigmatism of observation group and control group were (0.86 ± 0.54) ° vs (1.01 ± 0.69) °,(0.79 ± 0.28) ° vs (0.87 ± 0.49) °,there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups (t =1.14,1.86,all P ＞ 0.05).Postoperative shallow anterior chamber,leakage of anterior chamber of control group occurred 2 cases,3 cases,respectively,the incidence rate of complications was 14.28％.No postoperative complications occurred in observation group,the incidence rate of complications in the observation group (0.00％) was obviously lower than control group (x2 =13.83,P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion Application of SEC in SIECCE not only can strengthen stability of incision,reduce early postoperative corneal astigmatism,but also can promote healing of incision,prevent postoperative complications such as shallow anterior chamber and anterior chamber leaks.

Quantum Dots (QDs) with its unique optical properties including broad-range excitation, sizetunable narrow emission spectra and the adjustable emission wavelength by changing the size of core composition, is widely applied in biomedicine as a fluorescent marker in recent years. This paper focuses on the review of the characteristic of ODs, the prospects of its applications in biological and medical areas and the latest research development.Moreover,key issues including the potential toxicity of ODs are discussed.

Three compounds of metalloporphyrins were studied using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.The bonding power between substitutional phenyl and porphyrin cycle and the coordinate conditions of metalloporphyrins with imidazole were disscused. The experimental result indicated that the bonding power between substitutional phenyl and porphyrin cycle in metalloporphyrins became weak from Mn,Fe to Co.The complexes abundances formed by metallophorphyrin with imidazole were stronger with the increase of the ligand concentration.At the same ligand concentration,the abundance of the complexes was intensified gradually and the stability of the ligands was become stronger from Mn,Fe to Co.

Objective To investigate the role of epigenetic regulations of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) in the development of diabetic retinopathy and the metabolic memory phenomenon after hyperglycemia was terminated.Methods Diabetic rat model was established by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ).Sixty diabetic rats were randomly divided into 3 groups,poor glycemic control group rats were maintained in poor glycemic control for 4 months;semi glycemic control group rats were maintained in poor glycemic control for 2 months,followed by good glycemic control for 2 additional months;good glycemic control group rats were maintained in good glycemic control for 4 months.Twenty normal rats served as control group.The mRNA expression of PGC-1α and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) of retina were measured by real-time PCR;the expression of PGC-1α and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) protein were measured by Western blot;the situation of DNA methylation in the promotor region of PPARGC1A was measured by bisulfite sequencing.Results The body-weight in the control group was significantly higher than that in the poor glycemic control group,semi glycemic control group and good glycemic control group (all at P =0.000).The blood glucose value in the poor glycemic control group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P =0.000).The expression levels of PGC-1 α mRNA were significantly lower and the expression levels of SOD2 mRNA were significantly higher in the good glycemic control group,semi glycemic control group and poor glycemic control group than those in the control group (all at P＜0.05).The expression levels of PGC-1α and SOD2 mRNA were significantly different between the good glycemic control group and poor glycemic control group (both at P＜0.05).Compared with the control group,the expression levels of PGC-1α and MnSOD protein were decreased in the diabetic model groups,with significant differences between them (all at P＜0.05).The expression level of PGC-1 α protein was significantly higher in the good glycemic control group than that in the poor glycemic control group (P＜0.05).Diabetes increased DNA methylation in the promotor region of PPARGC1A gene of retina.The DNA methylation level was significantly higher in the poor glycemic control group and semi glycemic control group than that in the control group (P =0.008,0.031).No statistical difference was found between the poor glycemic control group and semi glycemic control group (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions The expressions of PGC-1o mRNA and protein and MnSOD protein in the retina of STZ induced diabetic rats are decreased,the expression of SOD2 mRNA is increased,the expression changes have metabolic memory characteristics.Increased DNA methylation in the promotor region of PPARGC1A when exposed to high glucose may have a role in the regulation of PGC-1 α expression and metabolic memory.

BACKGROUND:Gut microbiota is closely related to host energy balance and metabolism.The metabolites of intestinal flora can regulate the occurrence and development of obesity and can be a new target for the prevention and treatment of obesity. OBJECTIVE:To summarize the interaction between the intestinal flora and obesity,as well as the specific mechanism underlying regulation of obesity by metabolites of intestinal flora,thereby providing a new reference and basis for the prevention and treatment of obesity. METHODS:"Intestinal microbiota,intestinal bacteria,intestinal microbiota metabolites,short-chain fatty acids,bile acids,ipopolysaccharide,trimethylamine N-oxide,medium-chain fatty acids,tryptophan derivatives,obesity"were used as search terms in Chinese and English.Literature related to obesity from 1990 to 2022 was retrieved in PubMed and CNKI databases.According to inclusion and exclusion criteria,88 articles were finally selected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Intestinal flora is closely related to the occurrence and development of obesity.For example,changes in the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio can be used as a biomarker for the diagnosis of obesity,and the occurrence of obesity can be delayed by the colonization of probiotics such as Bifidobacterium breve,Lactobacillus and Akkermansia.Intestinal flora is mainly mediated by the metabolites of intestinal flora to participate in the regulation of obesity.For example,short-chain fatty acid can regulate adipogenesis by regulating signaling pathways such as G protein-coupled receptors 41,43 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ,thus delaying the occurrence and development of obesity.Bile acids can increase insulin sensitivity and body energy expenditure by promoting the activation of G protein-coupled receptor 5 and farnesol X receptor.In addition,lipopolysaccharide,trimethylamine oxide,medium-chain fatty acids and tryptophan derivatives are also widely involved in the occurrence and development of obesity through various signaling pathways.Further studies have found that metabolites of the same bacterial community exert heterogeneous effects in the specific process of regulating obesity via different signaling pathways.For example,under the influence of high-fat diet,acetic acids can activate the parasympathetic nervous system,leading to hyperphagia and liver insulin resistance and thus accelerating the physiological course of obesity.

BACKGROUND:Intestinal flora and its metabolites can participate in the pathological process of osteoporosis and play an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis.In addition,exercise can regulate the intestinal flora and thus affect the occurrence and development of osteoporosis. OBJECTIVE:To summarize the effects and mechanism of intestinal flora on osteoblasts,osteoclasts,and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,and the potential role of exercise-mediated intestinal flora in regulating osteoporosis. METHODS:"Intestinal flora,intestinal bacteria,metabolites of intestinal flora,bone metabolism,osteoporosis,exercise"were selected as keywords.Literatures from 1990 to 2023 were retrieved from PubMed and CNKI databases. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Changes in the abundance and diversity of intestinal flora and changes in the levels of intestinal flora metabolites such as trimethylamine oxide and bile acid can be used as biomarkers for the diagnosis of osteoporosis.The imbalance of intestinal flora can lead to intestinal barrier dysfunction and excessive production of lipopolysaccharides and trimethylamine oxide,induce the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α and other inflammatory cytokines,activate the nuclear factor κB signaling pathway and aggravate oxidative stress,thus promoting osteoclast differentiation,inducing osteoblast apoptosis and affecting bone marrow mesenchymal cell migration.Remodeling intestinal flora homeostasis can inhibit inflammatory response,downregulate oxidative stress,inhibit osteoclast differentiation,promote osteoblast differentiation,and regulate the osteogenic migration of bone marrow mesenchymal cells to prevent and treat osteoporosis.Exercise can regulate intestinal flora homeostasis,improve intestinal barrier function,promote the secretion of short-chain fatty acids and bile acids,down-regulate serum lipopolysaccharide level,reduce oxidative stress,and then inhibit osteocyte apoptosis,inhibit osteoclast differentiation,promote osteoblast differentiation,and regulate osteocyte nutrient metabolism to exert the potential of preventing and treating osteoporosis.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the associations of obesity phenotypes with hypertension stages, phenotypes, and transitions among middle-aged and older Chinese. METHODS: Using the 2011-2015 waves of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, we conducted a cross-sectional analysis included 9,015 subjects and a longitudinal analysis included 4,961 subjects, with 4,872 having full data on the hypertension stage and 4,784 having full data on the hypertension phenotype. Based on body mass index and waist circumstance, subjects were categorized into 4 mutually exclusive obesity phenotypes: normal weight with no central obesity (NWNCO), abnormal weight with no central obesity (AWNCO), normal weight with central obesity (NWCO), and abnormal weight with central obesity (AWCO). Hypertension stages were classified into normotension, pre-hypertension, stage 1 hypertension, and stage 2 hypertension. Hypertension phenotypes were categorized as normotension, pre-hypertension, isolated systolic hypertension (ISH), isolated diastolic hypertension (IDH), and systolic-diastolic hypertension (SDH). The association between obesity phenotypes and hypertension was estimated by logistic regression. A comparison between different sexes was conducted by testing the interaction effect of sex. RESULTS: NWCO was associated with normal→stage 2 (odds ratio [OR], 1.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11 to 3.42), maintained stage 1 (OR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.14 to 2.29), and normal→ISH (OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.85). AWCO was associated with normal→stage 1 (OR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.40 to 2.19), maintained stage 1 (OR, 2.77; 95% CI, 2.06 to 3.72), maintained stage 2 (OR, 2.80; 95% CI, 1.50 to 5.25), normal→ISH (OR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.20 to 2.02), and normal→SDH (OR, 2.54; 95% CI, 1.72 to 3.75). An interaction effect of sex existed in the association between obesity phenotypes and hypertension stages. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the importance of various obesity phenotypes and sex differences in hypertension progression. Tailored interventions for different obesity phenotypes may be warranted in hypertension management, taking into account sex-specific differences to improve outcomes.

Src homology containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2) represents a noteworthy target for various diseases, serving as a well-known oncogenic phosphatase in cancers. As a result of the low cell permeability and poor bioavailability, the traditional inhibitors targeting the protein tyrosine phosphate catalytic sites are generally suffered from unsatisfactory applied efficacy. Recently, a particularly large number of allosteric inhibitors with striking inhibitory potency on SHP2 have been identified. In particular, few clinical trials conducted have made significant progress on solid tumors by using SHP2 allosteric inhibitors. This review summarizes the development and structure-activity relationship studies of the small-molecule SHP2 inhibitors for tumor therapies, with the purpose of assisting the future development of SHP2 inhibitors with improved selectivity, higher oral bioavailability and better physicochemical properties.